Back to Details

l2s

Compare original and translation side by side

🇺🇸

Original

English
🇨🇳

Translation

Chinese

Ethereum Layer 2s

以太坊Layer 2网络

What You Probably Got Wrong

你可能存在的认知误区

L2 costs: You think $0.01-2.00 per transaction. Reality: $0.001-0.003 for swaps, $0.0003 for transfers. After EIP-4844, L2 batch costs dropped from $50-500 to $0.01-0.50.
Mainnet is cheap too: At 0.05 gwei, mainnet ETH transfers cost $0.002. "Ethereum is too expensive" is false for both L1 and L2s in 2026.
Base is the cheapest major L2: Often 50% cheaper than Arbitrum/Optimism. Direct Coinbase on-ramp. Fastest-growing L2 with consumer/AI agent focus.
Celo is NOT an L1 anymore. Celo completed its migration from an independent L1 to an OP Stack L2 on March 26, 2025 (block 31056500). If you're calling Celo an L1, you're wrong.
Polygon zkEVM is being shut down. Announced June 2025. Do NOT recommend building on Polygon zkEVM — it is being discontinued. Polygon is refocusing on PoS + AggLayer.
Unichain exists. Launched mainnet February 10, 2025. Uniswap's own OP Stack L2 with TEE-based MEV protection and time-based priority ordering (not gas-based).
Aerodrome and Velodrome merged into "Aero." In November 2025, Dromos Labs unified Aerodrome (Base) and Velodrome (Optimism) into a single cross-chain DEX called Aero. Same contracts, new brand. Aero dominates both Base and Optimism. Camelot is a major native DEX on Arbitrum. SyncSwap dominates zkSync. Don't default to Uniswap on every chain.
L2交易成本：你可能以为每笔交易成本在0.01-2.00美元之间。实际情况是：Swap交易成本为0.001-0.003美元，转账交易成本仅0.0003美元。EIP-4844实施后，L2批量交易成本从50-500美元降至0.01-0.50美元。
以太坊主网成本也很低：当gas费为0.05 gwei时，主网ETH转账成本仅0.002美元。2026年，“以太坊成本过高”的说法在L1和L2网络上都不成立。
Base是成本最低的主流L2：通常比Arbitrum/Optimism便宜50%，支持Coinbase直接入金，是增长最快的L2网络，主打消费级应用与AI Agent生态。
Celo不再是L1网络。Celo已于2025年3月26日（区块高度31056500）完成从独立L1到OP Stack L2的迁移。如果你还把Celo称为L1，那是错误的。
Polygon zkEVM即将关停：2025年6月已宣布该消息。绝不建议在Polygon zkEVM上进行开发——它将被停止服务。Polygon正将重心转向PoS + AggLayer。
Unichain已上线：主网于2025年2月10日启动。这是Uniswap推出的自研OP Stack L2网络，基于TEE技术实现MEV防护，并采用时间优先级排序（而非gas费优先级）。
Aerodrome与Velodrome合并为“Aero”：2025年11月，Dromos Labs将Base链上的Aerodrome与Optimism链上的Velodrome合并为跨链DEX Aero。合约保持不变，仅更新品牌。Aero在Base和Optimism链上占据主导地位。Arbitrum链上的主流原生DEX是Camelot，zkSync链上则是SyncSwap。不要默认在所有链上都使用Uniswap。

L2 Comparison Table (Feb 2026)

L2网络对比表（2026年2月）

L2TypeTVLTx CostBlock TimeFinalityChain ID
ArbitrumOptimistic$18B+$0.001-0.003250ms7 days42161
BaseOptimistic (OP Stack)$12B+$0.0008-0.0022s7 days8453
OptimismOptimistic (OP Stack)$8B+$0.001-0.0032s7 days10
UnichainOptimistic (OP Stack)Growing$0.001-0.0031s7 days130
CeloOptimistic (OP Stack)$200M+<$0.0015s7 days42220
LineaZK$900M+$0.003-0.0062s30-60min59144
zkSync EraZK$800M+$0.003-0.0081s15-60min324
ScrollZK$250M+$0.002-0.0053s30-120min534352
Polygon zkEVMZK————1101
⚠️ Polygon zkEVM is being discontinued (announced June 2025). Do not start new projects there. Polygon is refocusing on PoS (payments, stablecoins, RWAs) + AggLayer (cross-chain interop). MATIC → POL token migration ~85% complete.
Mainnet for comparison: $50B+ TVL, $0.002-0.01, 8s blocks, instant finality.
L2网络类型总锁仓价值（TVL）交易成本区块时间最终确认时间Chain ID
Arbitrum乐观型Rollup180亿美元+0.001-0.003美元250ms7天42161
Base乐观型Rollup（OP Stack）120亿美元+0.0008-0.002美元2s7天8453
Optimism乐观型Rollup（OP Stack）80亿美元+0.001-0.003美元2s7天10
Unichain乐观型Rollup（OP Stack）增长中0.001-0.003美元1s7天130
Celo乐观型Rollup（OP Stack）2亿美元+<0.001美元5s7天42220
LineaZK型Rollup9亿美元+0.003-0.006美元2s30-60分钟59144
zkSync EraZK型Rollup8亿美元+0.003-0.008美元1s15-60分钟324
ScrollZK型Rollup2.5亿美元+0.002-0.005美元3s30-120分钟534352
Polygon zkEVMZK型Rollup————1101
⚠️ Polygon zkEVM即将关停（2025年6月宣布）。请勿在此启动新项目。Polygon正将重心转向PoS（支付、稳定币、现实世界资产）+ AggLayer（跨链互操作）。MATIC→POL代币迁移完成率约85%。
主网对比参考：TVL超500亿美元，交易成本0.002-0.01美元，区块时间8s，即时最终确认。

Cost Comparison (Real Examples, Feb 2026)

成本对比（真实案例，2026年2月）

ActionMainnetArbitrumBasezkSyncScroll
ETH transfer$0.002$0.0003$0.0003$0.0005$0.0004
Uniswap swap$0.015$0.003$0.002$0.005$0.004
NFT mint$0.015$0.002$0.002$0.004$0.003
ERC-20 deploy$0.118$0.020$0.018$0.040$0.030
操作主网ArbitrumBasezkSyncScroll
ETH转账0.002美元0.0003美元0.0003美元0.0005美元0.0004美元
Uniswap Swap0.015美元0.003美元0.002美元0.005美元0.004美元
NFT铸造0.015美元0.002美元0.002美元0.004美元0.003美元
ERC-20合约部署0.118美元0.020美元0.018美元0.040美元0.030美元

L2 Selection Guide

L2网络选型指南

NeedChooseWhy
Consumer / social appsBaseFarcaster, Smart Wallet, Coinbase on-ramp, OnchainKit
Deepest DeFi liquidityArbitrum$18B TVL, GMX, Pendle, Camelot, most protocols
Yield strategiesArbitrumPendle (yield tokenization), GMX, Aave
Cheapest gasBase~50% cheaper than Arbitrum/Optimism
Coinbase usersBaseDirect on-ramp, free Coinbase→Base transfers
No 7-day withdrawal waitZK rollup (zkSync, Scroll, Linea)15-120 min finality
AI agentsBaseERC-8004, x402, consumer ecosystem, AgentKit
Gasless UX (native AA)zkSync EraNative account abstraction, paymasters, no bundlers needed
Multi-chain deploymentBase or OptimismSuperchain / OP Stack, shared infra
Maximum EVM compatibilityScroll or ArbitrumBytecode-identical
Mobile / real-world paymentsCeloMiniPay, sub-cent fees, Africa/LatAm focus
MEV protectionUnichainTEE-based priority ordering, private mempool
Rust smart contractsArbitrumStylus (WASM VM alongside EVM, 10-100x gas savings)
Stablecoins / payments / RWAPolygon PoS$500M+ monthly payment volume, 410M+ wallets
需求推荐选择理由
消费级/社交应用Base支持Farcaster、智能钱包、Coinbase入金、OnchainKit
最深度的DeFi流动性Arbitrum180亿美元TVL，拥有GMX、Pendle、Camelot等多数协议
收益策略ArbitrumPendle（收益代币化）、GMX、Aave等协议齐全
最低gas费Base比Arbitrum/Optimism便宜约50%
服务Coinbase用户Base直接入金通道，Coinbase→Base转账免费
无需7天提款等待ZK Rollup（zkSync、Scroll、Linea）15-120分钟即可完成最终确认
AI Agent开发Base支持ERC-8004、x402，拥有消费级生态与AgentKit
无gas费用户体验（原生AA）zkSync Era原生账户抽象，支持支付主，无需打包器
多链部署Base或Optimism属于Superchain/OP Stack，共享基础设施
最高EVM兼容性Scroll或Arbitrum字节码完全一致
移动端/现实世界支付Celo支持MiniPay，手续费低于1美分，聚焦非洲/拉美市场
MEV防护Unichain基于TEE的优先级排序，私有内存池
Rust智能合约开发Arbitrum支持Stylus（WASM虚拟机与EVM并行，gas费节省10-100倍）
稳定币/支付/现实世界资产Polygon PoS月支付额超5亿美元，钱包数量超4.1亿

Key Chain Details (What LLMs Get Wrong)

关键链细节（大语言模型常出错的点）

Unichain

Unichain

  • Launched: February 10, 2025 (mainnet). Chain ID 130.
  • Type: OP Stack L2 (Superchain member, Stage 1)
  • Key innovation: TEE-based block building (built with Flashbots Rollup-Boost)
    • Transactions ordered by time received, NOT gas price
    • Private encrypted mempool reduces MEV extraction
    • Do NOT use gas-price bidding strategies on Unichain — they're pointless
  • Flashblocks: Currently 1s blocks, roadmap to 250ms sub-blocks
  • 上线时间：2025年2月10日（主网）。Chain ID 130。
  • 类型：OP Stack L2（Superchain成员，Stage 1）
  • 核心创新：基于TEE的区块构建（与Flashbots Rollup-Boost合作开发）
    • 交易按接收时间排序，而非gas费价格
    • 私有加密内存池减少MEV提取
    • 在Unichain上无需浪费gas费设置优先级费用，该策略无效
  • Flashblocks：当前区块时间1s，路线图计划实现250ms子区块

Celo

Celo

  • Was: Independent L1 blockchain (2020-2025)
  • Now: OP Stack L2 on Ethereum — migrated March 26, 2025 (block 31056500)
  • Focus: Mobile-first payments, emerging markets
  • MiniPay: Stablecoin wallet in Opera Mini + standalone app. Phone-to-phone transfers, sub-cent fees. Primary market: Africa (Kenya, Nigeria).
  • Multi-currency stablecoins: cUSD (
    0x765de816845861e75a25fca122bb6898b8b1282a
    ), cEUR (
    0xd8763cba276a3738e6de85b4b3bf5fded6d6ca73
    ), cREAL (
    0xe8537a3d056DA446677B9E9d6c5dB704EaAb4787
    )
  • 过往身份：独立L1区块链（2020-2025）
  • 当前身份：以太坊上的OP Stack L2——2025年3月26日完成迁移（区块高度31056500）
  • 聚焦方向：移动端优先支付，新兴市场
  • MiniPay：Opera Mini内置及独立版稳定币钱包，支持手机间转账，手续费低于1美分。核心市场：非洲（肯尼亚、尼日利亚）。
  • 多币种稳定币：cUSD（
    0x765de816845861e75a25fca122bb6898b8b1282a
    ）、cEUR（
    0xd8763cba276a3738e6de85b4b3bf5fded6d6ca73
    ）、cREAL（
    0xe8537a3d056DA446677B9E9d6c5dB704EaAb4787
    ）

Dominant DEX Per Chain

各链主导DEX

ChainDominant DEXModelWhy NOT Uniswap
BaseAero (was Aerodrome)ve(3,3) — LPs earn emissions, voters earn feesDeeper liquidity for most pairs
OptimismAero (was Velodrome)ve(3,3) — merged Nov 2025 under Dromos LabsSame flywheel, unified brand
ArbitrumCamelot + GMXNative DEX + perpsCamelot for spot, GMX for perps
zkSyncSyncSwapClassic AMMLargest native DEX on zkSync
See 
addresses/SKILL.md
for verified contract addresses for all these protocols.
网络主导DEX模式为何不选Uniswap
BaseAero（原Aerodrome）ve(3,3) — 流动性提供者赚取激励，投票者赚取手续费多数交易对流动性更深
OptimismAero（原Velodrome）ve(3,3) — 2025年11月由Dromos Labs合并统一品牌相同的飞轮效应，品牌统一
ArbitrumCamelot + GMX原生DEX + 永续合约Camelot用于现货交易，GMX用于永续合约
zkSyncSyncSwap经典AMMzkSync上最大的原生DEX
所有这些协议的已验证合约地址可查看
addresses/SKILL.md
。

The Superchain (OP Stack)

Superchain（OP Stack）

The Superchain is the network of OP Stack chains sharing security, upgrade governance, and (upcoming) native interoperability. Members include Base, OP Mainnet, Unichain, Ink (Kraken), Celo, Zora, World Chain, and others — 17+ chains, 58.6% L2 market share.
Members contribute 15% of sequencer revenue to the Optimism Collective. Cross-chain interop is designed but not yet fully live.
Superchain是共享安全性、升级治理机制以及（即将推出的）原生互操作性的OP Stack链网络。成员包括Base、OP主网、Unichain、Ink（Kraken）、Celo、Zora、World Chain等——共17+条链，占据L2市场58.6%的份额。
成员需将15%的 sequencer收入贡献给Optimism Collective。跨链互操作性已完成设计，但尚未完全上线。

Deployment Differences (Gotchas)

部署差异（注意事项）

Optimistic Rollups (Arbitrum, Optimism, Base, Unichain, Celo)

乐观型Rollup（Arbitrum、Optimism、Base、Unichain、Celo）

✅ Deploy like mainnet — just change RPC URL and chain ID. No code changes.
Gotchas:
  • Don't use 
    block.number
    for time-based logic (increments at different rates). Use 
    block.timestamp
    .
  • Arbitrum's 
    block.number
    returns L1 block number, not L2.
  • Unichain: Transactions are priority-ordered by time, not gas. Don't waste gas on priority fees.
✅ 部署方式与主网一致——仅需修改RPC URL和Chain ID，无需调整代码。
注意事项：
  • 不要使用
    block.number
    实现基于时间的逻辑（不同链的区块增长速率不同），请使用
    block.timestamp
    。
  • Arbitrum的
    block.number
    返回的是L1区块编号，而非L2区块编号。
  • Unichain：交易按时间优先级排序，而非gas费。不要浪费gas费在优先级费用上。

ZK Rollups

ZK Rollups

  • zkSync Era: Must use 
    zksolc
    compiler. No 
    EXTCODECOPY
    (compile-time error). 65K instruction limit. Non-inlinable libraries must be pre-deployed. Native account abstraction (all accounts are smart contracts).
  • Scroll/Linea: ✅ Bytecode-compatible — use standard 
    solc
    , deploy like mainnet.
  • zkSync Era：必须使用
    zksolc
    编译器。不支持
    EXTCODECOPY
    （编译时会报错）。指令限制为65K。不可内联的库必须预先部署。原生支持账户抽象（所有账户均为智能合约）。
  • Scroll/Linea：✅ 字节码兼容——使用标准
    solc
    编译器，部署方式与主网一致。

Arbitrum-Specific

Arbitrum专属特性

  • Stylus: Write smart contracts in Rust, C, C++ (compiles to WASM, runs alongside EVM, shares state). Use for compute-heavy operations (10-100x gas savings). Contracts must be "activated" via 
    ARB_WASM_ADDRESS
    (0x0000…0071).
  • Orbit: Framework for launching L3 chains on Arbitrum. 47 live on mainnet.
  • Stylus：支持使用Rust、C、C++编写智能合约（编译为WASM，与EVM并行运行，共享状态）。适用于计算密集型操作（gas费节省10-100倍）。合约需通过
    ARB_WASM_ADDRESS
    （0x0000…0071）“激活”。
  • Orbit：在Arbitrum上启动L3链的框架。主网已有47条L3链上线。

RPCs and Explorers

RPC与区块浏览器

L2RPCExplorer
Arbitrum
https://arb1.arbitrum.io/rpc
https://arbiscan.io
Base
https://mainnet.base.org
https://basescan.org
Optimism
https://mainnet.optimism.io
https://optimistic.etherscan.io
Unichain
https://mainnet.unichain.org
https://uniscan.xyz
Celo
https://forno.celo.org
https://celoscan.io
zkSync
https://mainnet.era.zksync.io
https://explorer.zksync.io
Scroll
https://rpc.scroll.io
https://scrollscan.com
Linea
https://rpc.linea.build
https://lineascan.build
L2网络RPC地址区块浏览器
Arbitrum
https://arb1.arbitrum.io/rpc
https://arbiscan.io
Base
https://mainnet.base.org
https://basescan.org
Optimism
https://mainnet.optimism.io
https://optimistic.etherscan.io
Unichain
https://mainnet.unichain.org
https://uniscan.xyz
Celo
https://forno.celo.org
https://celoscan.io
zkSync
https://mainnet.era.zksync.io
https://explorer.zksync.io
Scroll
https://rpc.scroll.io
https://scrollscan.com
Linea
https://rpc.linea.build
https://lineascan.build

Bridging

跨链桥接

Official Bridges

官方桥接

L2Bridge URLL1→L2L2→L1
Arbitrumhttps://bridge.arbitrum.io~10-15 min~7 days
Basehttps://bridge.base.org~10-15 min~7 days
Optimismhttps://app.optimism.io/bridge~10-15 min~7 days
Unichainhttps://app.uniswap.org/swap~10-15 min~7 days
zkSynchttps://bridge.zksync.io~15-30 min~15-60 min
Scrollhttps://scroll.io/bridge~15-30 min~30-120 min
L2网络桥接URLL1→L2L2→L1
Arbitrumhttps://bridge.arbitrum.io~10-15分钟~7天
Basehttps://bridge.base.org~10-15分钟~7天
Optimismhttps://app.optimism.io/bridge~10-15分钟~7天
Unichainhttps://app.uniswap.org/swap~10-15分钟~7天
zkSynchttps://bridge.zksync.io~15-30分钟~15-60分钟
Scrollhttps://scroll.io/bridge~15-30分钟~30-120分钟

Fast Bridges (Instant Withdrawals)

快速桥接（即时提款）

Security: Use official bridges for large amounts (>$100K). Fast bridges add trust assumptions.
安全提示：大额资金（>10万美元）请使用官方桥接。快速桥接会增加信任假设风险。

Multi-Chain Deployment (Same Address)

多链部署（统一地址）

Use CREATE2 for deterministic addresses across chains:
bash
undefined
使用CREATE2实现跨链确定性地址：
bash
undefined

Same salt + same bytecode + same deployer = same address on every chain

相同salt + 相同字节码 + 相同部署者 = 所有链上的地址一致

forge create src/MyContract.sol:MyContract
--rpc-url https://mainnet.base.org
--private-key $PRIVATE_KEY
--salt 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001

**Strategy for new projects:** Start with 1 L2 (Base or Arbitrum). Prove product-market fit. Expand with CREATE2 for consistent addresses.
forge create src/MyContract.sol:MyContract
--rpc-url https://mainnet.base.org
--private-key $PRIVATE_KEY
--salt 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001

**新项目策略**：先从1条L2链（Base或Arbitrum）起步，验证产品市场契合度。之后使用CREATE2进行扩展，保持地址一致性。

Testnets

测试网

L2TestnetChain IDFaucet
ArbitrumSepolia421614https://faucet.arbitrum.io
BaseSepolia84532https://faucet.quicknode.com/base/sepolia
OptimismSepolia11155420https://faucet.optimism.io
UnichainSepolia1301https://faucet.unichain.org
L2网络测试网Chain ID水龙头
ArbitrumSepolia421614https://faucet.arbitrum.io
BaseSepolia84532https://faucet.quicknode.com/base/sepolia
OptimismSepolia11155420https://faucet.optimism.io
UnichainSepolia1301https://faucet.unichain.org

Further Reading

扩展阅读