inventory-manager

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English

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Chinese

Inventory Manager

Inventory 管理器

Quick Start

快速开始

Organize Ansible inventory with proper host groups, variables, and dynamic inventory sources.

通过合理的主机组、变量和动态Inventory源来整理Ansible Inventory。

Instructions

操作步骤

Step 1: Create static inventory

步骤1：创建静态Inventory

INI format:

ini

undefined

INI格式：

ini

undefined

inventory/production

[webservers] web1 ansible_host=192.168.1.10 web2 ansible_host=192.168.1.11

[databases] db1 ansible_host=192.168.1.20 db2 ansible_host=192.168.1.21

[loadbalancers] lb1 ansible_host=192.168.1.30

[production:children] webservers databases loadbalancers

[production:vars] ansible_user=deploy ansible_python_interpreter=/usr/bin/python3 environment=production


**YAML format:**
```yaml

[webservers] web1 ansible_host=192.168.1.10 web2 ansible_host=192.168.1.11

[databases] db1 ansible_host=192.168.1.20 db2 ansible_host=192.168.1.21

[loadbalancers] lb1 ansible_host=192.168.1.30

[production:children] webservers databases loadbalancers

[production:vars] ansible_user=deploy ansible_python_interpreter=/usr/bin/python3 environment=production


**YAML格式：**
```yaml

inventory/production.yml

all: children: production: children: webservers: hosts: web1: ansible_host: 192.168.1.10 web2: ansible_host: 192.168.1.11 databases: hosts: db1: ansible_host: 192.168.1.20 db2: ansible_host: 192.168.1.21 loadbalancers: hosts: lb1: ansible_host: 192.168.1.30 vars: ansible_user: deploy environment: production

undefined

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Step 2: Organize group variables

步骤2：整理组变量

Directory structure:

inventory/
├── production
├── staging
├── group_vars/
│   ├── all.yml
│   ├── webservers.yml
│   ├── databases.yml
│   └── production.yml
└── host_vars/
    ├── web1.yml
    └── db1.yml

group_vars/all.yml:

yaml

---

目录结构：

inventory/
├── production
├── staging
├── group_vars/
│   ├── all.yml
│   ├── webservers.yml
│   ├── databases.yml
│   └── production.yml
└── host_vars/
    ├── web1.yml
    └── db1.yml

group_vars/all.yml：

yaml

---

Variables for all hosts

所有主机的通用变量

ansible_python_interpreter: /usr/bin/python3 ntp_servers:

0.pool.ntp.org
1.pool.ntp.org


**group_vars/webservers.yml:**
```yaml
---

ansible_python_interpreter: /usr/bin/python3 ntp_servers:

0.pool.ntp.org
1.pool.ntp.org


**group_vars/webservers.yml：**
```yaml
---

Variables for webservers group

Webservers组的专属变量

nginx_port: 80 nginx_worker_processes: 4 app_directory: /var/www/app


**group_vars/production.yml:**
```yaml
---

nginx_port: 80 nginx_worker_processes: 4 app_directory: /var/www/app


**group_vars/production.yml：**
```yaml
---

Variables for production environment

生产环境专属变量

environment: production backup_enabled: true monitoring_enabled: true

undefined

environment: production backup_enabled: true monitoring_enabled: true

undefined

Step 3: Configure host-specific variables

步骤3：配置主机专属变量

host_vars/web1.yml:

yaml

---
nginx_worker_connections: 1024
server_id: 1

host_vars/web1.yml：

yaml

---

Step 4: Use inventory in playbooks

Web1主机的专属配置

bash

undefined

nginx_worker_connections: 1024 server_id: 1

undefined

Run playbook with specific inventory

步骤4：在Playbook中使用Inventory

ansible-playbook -i inventory/production site.yml

bash

undefined

Target specific group

使用指定Inventory运行Playbook

ansible-playbook -i inventory/production site.yml --limit webservers

ansible-playbook -i inventory/production site.yml

Target specific host

目标指定主机组

ansible-playbook -i inventory/production site.yml --limit web1

undefined

ansible-playbook -i inventory/production site.yml --limit webservers

Dynamic Inventory

目标指定主机

AWS EC2 Plugin

—

inventory/aws_ec2.yml:

yaml

---
plugin: amazon.aws.aws_ec2
regions:
  - us-east-1
  - us-west-2

filters:
  tag:Environment: production
  instance-state-name: running

keyed_groups:
  - key: tags.Role
    prefix: role
  - key: tags.Environment
    prefix: env
  - key: placement.availability_zone
    prefix: az

hostnames:
  - tag:Name
  - private-ip-address

compose:
  ansible_host: private_ip_address

ansible-playbook -i inventory/production site.yml --limit web1

undefined

Azure Plugin

动态Inventory

—

AWS EC2插件

inventory/azure_rm.yml:

yaml

---
plugin: azure.azcollection.azure_rm
include_vm_resource_groups:
  - production-rg

keyed_groups:
  - key: tags.role
    prefix: role
  - key: tags.environment
    prefix: env

conditional_groups:
  webservers: "'web' in tags.role"
  databases: "'db' in tags.role"

inventory/aws_ec2.yml：

yaml

---
plugin: amazon.aws.aws_ec2
regions:
  - us-east-1
  - us-west-2

filters:
  tag:Environment: production
  instance-state-name: running

keyed_groups:
  - key: tags.Role
    prefix: role
  - key: tags.Environment
    prefix: env
  - key: placement.availability_zone
    prefix: az

hostnames:
  - tag:Name
  - private-ip-address

compose:
  ansible_host: private_ip_address

Custom Script

Azure插件

inventory/custom.py:

python

#!/usr/bin/env python3
import json

inventory = {
    "webservers": {
        "hosts": ["web1", "web2"],
        "vars": {
            "nginx_port": 80
        }
    },
    "databases": {
        "hosts": ["db1", "db2"]
    },
    "_meta": {
        "hostvars": {
            "web1": {"ansible_host": "192.168.1.10"},
            "web2": {"ansible_host": "192.168.1.11"},
            "db1": {"ansible_host": "192.168.1.20"},
            "db2": {"ansible_host": "192.168.1.21"}
        }
    }
}

print(json.dumps(inventory))

inventory/azure_rm.yml：

yaml

---
plugin: azure.azcollection.azure_rm
include_vm_resource_groups:
  - production-rg

keyed_groups:
  - key: tags.role
    prefix: role
  - key: tags.environment
    prefix: env

conditional_groups:
  webservers: "'web' in tags.role"
  databases: "'db' in tags.role"

Inventory Patterns

自定义脚本

All hosts:

bash

ansible all -i inventory/production -m ping

Specific group:

bash

ansible webservers -i inventory/production -m ping

Multiple groups:

bash

ansible 'webservers:databases' -i inventory/production -m ping

Exclude group:

bash

ansible 'all:!databases' -i inventory/production -m ping

Intersection:

bash

ansible 'webservers:&production' -i inventory/production -m ping

Regex:

bash

ansible '~web.*' -i inventory/production -m ping

inventory/custom.py：

python

#!/usr/bin/env python3
import json

inventory = {
    "webservers": {
        "hosts": ["web1", "web2"],
        "vars": {
            "nginx_port": 80
        }
    },
    "databases": {
        "hosts": ["db1", "db2"]
    },
    "_meta": {
        "hostvars": {
            "web1": {"ansible_host": "192.168.1.10"},
            "web2": {"ansible_host": "192.168.1.11"},
            "db1": {"ansible_host": "192.168.1.20"},
            "db2": {"ansible_host": "192.168.1.21"}
        }
    }
}

print(json.dumps(inventory))

Multi-Environment Setup

Inventory匹配模式

inventory/
├── production/
│   ├── hosts
│   ├── group_vars/
│   │   ├── all.yml
│   │   └── webservers.yml
│   └── host_vars/
├── staging/
│   ├── hosts
│   ├── group_vars/
│   │   ├── all.yml
│   │   └── webservers.yml
│   └── host_vars/
└── development/
    ├── hosts
    └── group_vars/
        └── all.yml

Usage:

bash

undefined

所有主机：

bash

ansible all -i inventory/production -m ping

指定主机组：

bash

ansible webservers -i inventory/production -m ping

多个主机组：

bash

ansible 'webservers:databases' -i inventory/production -m ping

排除主机组：

bash

ansible 'all:!databases' -i inventory/production -m ping

交集主机组：

bash

ansible 'webservers:&production' -i inventory/production -m ping

正则匹配：

bash

ansible '~web.*' -i inventory/production -m ping

Production

多环境部署配置

ansible-playbook -i inventory/production site.yml

inventory/
├── production/
│   ├── hosts
│   ├── group_vars/
│   │   ├── all.yml
│   │   └── webservers.yml
│   └── host_vars/
├── staging/
│   ├── hosts
│   ├── group_vars/
│   │   ├── all.yml
│   │   └── webservers.yml
│   └── host_vars/
└── development/
    ├── hosts
    └── group_vars/
        └── all.yml

使用方式：

bash

undefined

Staging

生产环境

ansible-playbook -i inventory/staging site.yml

ansible-playbook -i inventory/production site.yml

Development

预发布环境

ansible-playbook -i inventory/development site.yml

undefined

ansible-playbook -i inventory/staging site.yml

Best Practices

开发环境

Organize inventory by environment
Use group_vars for shared configuration
Use host_vars for host-specific settings
Document inventory structure
Use dynamic inventory for cloud resources
Keep sensitive data in Ansible Vault
Use meaningful group names
Implement proper variable precedence

ansible-playbook -i inventory/development site.yml

undefined

—

最佳实践

—

按环境划分Inventory结构
使用group_vars存储共享配置
使用host_vars存储主机专属配置
为Inventory结构添加文档说明
针对云资源使用动态Inventory
敏感数据存储在Ansible Vault中
使用有意义的主机组名称
合理设置变量优先级