legalize-es-spanish-legislation

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Original

English

🇨🇳

Translation

Chinese

Legalize ES — Spanish Legislation Git Repository

Legalize ES — 西班牙立法Git仓库

Skill by ara.so — Daily 2026 Skills collection.

由ara.so提供的Skill — 2026年度技能合集收录项目。

What It Is

项目说明

legalize-es

is a Git repository containing 8,600+ Spanish laws as Markdown files, with every legislative reform recorded as a Git commit. Each law is a single

.md

file named by its BOE identifier (e.g.

BOE-A-1978-31229.md

for the Spanish Constitution). Reform history goes back to 1960.

Key capabilities:

Full text search across all laws with
```
grep
```
Exact diff between any two versions of a law using
```
git diff
```
Timeline of all reforms to a specific law using
```
git log
```
Historical state of any law at any point in time using
```
git show
```
/
```
git checkout
```

legalize-es

是一个Git仓库，收录了8600+条西班牙法律的Markdown文件，每一次立法修订都会记录为一次Git commit。每部法律对应一个

.md

文件，以BOE编号命名（例如西班牙宪法对应的文件为

BOE-A-1978-31229.md

）。修订历史最早可追溯至1960年。

核心功能：

使用
```
grep
```
在所有法律中进行全文搜索
使用
```
git diff
```
对比同一法律任意两个版本的差异
使用
```
git log
```
查看特定法律的所有修订时间线
使用
```
git show
```
/
```
git checkout
```
查看任意时间点的法律历史版本

Setup

安装部署

bash

undefined

bash

undefined

Clone the full repo (includes all history)

克隆完整仓库（包含所有历史记录）

git clone https://github.com/legalize-dev/legalize-es.git cd legalize-es

Shallow clone if you only need current state (much faster)

如果仅需要当前版本可以使用浅克隆，速度更快

git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/legalize-dev/legalize-es.git cd legalize-es


All law files live in the `spain/` directory.

---

git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/legalize-dev/legalize-es.git cd legalize-es


所有法律文件都存放在`spain/`目录下。

---

File Structure

文件结构

spain/
├── BOE-A-1978-31229.md    # Constitución Española
├── BOE-A-1995-25444.md    # Código Penal
├── BOE-A-2015-11430.md    # Estatuto de los Trabajadores
├── BOE-A-2000-323.md      # Ley de Enjuiciamiento Civil
└── ... (8,600+ laws)

spain/
├── BOE-A-1978-31229.md    # Constitución Española
├── BOE-A-1995-25444.md    # Código Penal
├── BOE-A-2015-11430.md    # Estatuto de los Trabajadores
├── BOE-A-2000-323.md      # Ley de Enjuiciamiento Civil
└── ... (8600+部法律)

YAML Frontmatter

YAML前置元数据

Every file starts with structured metadata:

yaml

---
titulo: "Constitución Española"
identificador: "BOE-A-1978-31229"
pais: "es"
rango: "constitucion"
fecha_publicacion: "1978-12-29"
ultima_actualizacion: "2024-02-17"
estado: "vigente"
fuente: "https://www.boe.es/eli/es/c/1978/12/27/(1)"
---

rango
values:

```
constitucion
```
```
ley-organica
```
```
ley
```
```
real-decreto-ley
```
```
real-decreto-legislativo
```

estado
values:

```
vigente
```
— currently in force
```
derogado
```
— repealed

每个文件开头都包含结构化元数据：

yaml

---
titulo: "Constitución Española"
identificador: "BOE-A-1978-31229"
pais: "es"
rango: "constitucion"
fecha_publicacion: "1978-12-29"
ultima_actualizacion: "2024-02-17"
estado: "vigente"
fuente: "https://www.boe.es/eli/es/c/1978/12/27/(1)"
---

rango
字段可选值：

```
constitucion
```
```
ley-organica
```
```
ley
```
```
real-decreto-ley
```
```
real-decreto-legislativo
```

estado
字段可选值：

```
vigente
```
— 当前生效
```
derogado
```
— 已废止

Key Commands

常用命令

Find a Law by Topic

按主题查找法律

bash

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bash

undefined

Search law titles in frontmatter

在前置元数据的法律标题中搜索

grep -rl "trabajo" spain/ | head -20

Search for a keyword across all law bodies

在所有法律正文中搜索关键词

grep -rl "huelga" spain/

Case-insensitive search for a concept

概念的不区分大小写搜索

grep -rli "protección de datos" spain/

undefined

grep -rli "protección de datos" spain/

undefined

Read a Specific Article

读取具体条款

bash

undefined

bash

undefined

Find Article 18 of the Constitution

查找宪法第18条

grep -A 20 "Artículo 18" spain/BOE-A-1978-31229.md

Find an article with context (10 lines before, 30 after)

查找条款并附带上下文（前10行，后30行）

grep -B 10 -A 30 "Artículo 135" spain/BOE-A-1978-31229.md

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grep -B 10 -A 30 "Artículo 135" spain/BOE-A-1978-31229.md

undefined

Find a Law by Its BOE Identifier

按BOE编号查找法律

bash

undefined

bash

undefined

If you know the BOE ID

如果你知道完整BOE ID

cat spain/BOE-A-1995-25444.md

Search by partial identifier

按部分编号搜索

ls spain/ | grep "BOE-A-1995"

undefined

ls spain/ | grep "BOE-A-1995"

undefined

Filter by Law Type

按法律类型筛选

bash

undefined

bash

undefined

List all Organic Laws

列出所有组织法

grep -rl 'rango: "ley-organica"' spain/

List all currently active laws

列出所有当前生效的法律

grep -rl 'estado: "vigente"' spain/

List all repealed laws

列出所有已废止的法律

grep -rl 'estado: "derogado"' spain/

---

grep -rl 'estado: "derogado"' spain/

---

Git History Commands

Git历史查询命令

See All Reforms to a Law

查看法律的所有修订记录

bash

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bash

undefined

Full reform history of the Spanish Constitution

西班牙宪法的完整修订历史

git log --oneline -- spain/BOE-A-1978-31229.md

With dates

显示修订日期

git log --format="%h %ad %s" --date=short -- spain/BOE-A-1978-31229.md

With full commit messages (includes reform source URL)

显示完整commit信息（包含修订来源URL）

git log -- spain/BOE-A-1978-31229.md

undefined

git log -- spain/BOE-A-1978-31229.md

undefined

Diff Between Two Versions

两个版本的差异对比

bash

undefined

bash

undefined

Diff of a specific reform commit

查看某一次修订commit的diff

git show 6660bcf -- spain/BOE-A-1978-31229.md

Diff between two commits

对比两次commit的差异

git diff 6660bcf^..6660bcf -- spain/BOE-A-1978-31229.md

Diff between two dates

对比两个日期的版本差异

git diff $(git rev-list -1 --before="2011-01-01" HEAD)
$(git rev-list -1 --before="2012-01-01" HEAD)
-- spain/BOE-A-1978-31229.md

undefined

git diff $(git rev-list -1 --before="2011-01-01" HEAD)
$(git rev-list -1 --before="2012-01-01" HEAD)
-- spain/BOE-A-1978-31229.md

undefined

Read Historical Version of a Law

读取法律的历史版本

bash

undefined

bash

undefined

State of the Constitution as of 2010-01-01

2010-01-01时的宪法版本

git show $(git rev-list -1 --before="2010-01-01" HEAD):spain/BOE-A-1978-31229.md

Check out law at a specific commit (read-only inspection)

查看特定commit对应的法律版本（只读查看）

git show abc1234:spain/BOE-A-1978-31229.md

undefined

git show abc1234:spain/BOE-A-1978-31229.md

undefined

Find When a Specific Text Was Added or Removed

查找特定文本的增删时间

bash

undefined

bash

undefined

Find which commit introduced "estabilidad presupuestaria"

查找引入"estabilidad presupuestaria"的commit

git log -S "estabilidad presupuestaria" -- spain/BOE-A-1978-31229.md

Find which commit changed a specific phrase

查找修改特定表述的commit

git log -G "límite de déficit estructural" --oneline -- spain/BOE-A-1978-31229.md

---

git log -G "límite de déficit estructural" --oneline -- spain/BOE-A-1978-31229.md

---

Programmatic Access Patterns

程序化访问方案

Shell Script: Extract All Law Titles

Shell脚本：提取所有法律标题

bash

#!/bin/bash

bash

#!/bin/bash

Extract titles and identifiers from all laws

提取所有法律的标题和编号

for file in spain/.md; do id=$(grep 'identificador:' "$file" | head -1 | sed 's/.: "//;s/".//') title=$(grep 'titulo:' "$file" | head -1 | sed 's/.: "//;s/".*//') echo "$id | $title" done

undefined

for file in spain/.md; do id=$(grep 'identificador:' "$file" | head -1 | sed 's/.: "//;s/".//') title=$(grep 'titulo:' "$file" | head -1 | sed 's/.: "//;s/".*//') echo "$id | $title" done

undefined

Shell Script: Find Laws Updated After a Date

Shell脚本：查找指定日期后更新的法律

bash

#!/bin/bash

bash

#!/bin/bash

Laws updated after 2023-01-01

筛选2023-01-01之后更新的法律

TARGET_DATE="2023-01-01" grep -rl "ultima_actualizacion:" spain/ | while read file; do date=$(grep 'ultima_actualizacion:' "$file" | head -1 | grep -o '[0-9]{4}-[0-9]{2}-[0-9]{2}') if [[ "$date" > "$TARGET_DATE" ]]; then echo "$date $file" fi done | sort -r

undefined

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Python: Parse Law Frontmatter

Python：解析法律前置元数据

python

import os
import yaml

def parse_law(filepath):
    """Parse a law Markdown file and return frontmatter + body."""
    with open(filepath, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
        content = f.read()
    
    # Extract YAML frontmatter between --- delimiters
    if content.startswith('---'):
        parts = content.split('---', 2)
        if len(parts) >= 3:
            metadata = yaml.safe_load(parts[1])
            body = parts[2].strip()
            return metadata, body
    
    return {}, content

python

import os
import yaml

def parse_law(filepath):
    """解析法律Markdown文件，返回前置元数据和正文。"""
    with open(filepath, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
        content = f.read()
    
    # 提取---分隔符之间的YAML前置元数据
    if content.startswith('---'):
        parts = content.split('---', 2)
        if len(parts) >= 3:
            metadata = yaml.safe_load(parts[1])
            body = parts[2].strip()
            return metadata, body
    
    return {}, content

Example: list all active laws

示例：列出所有生效法律

laws_dir = 'spain' active_laws = []

for filename in os.listdir(laws_dir): if filename.endswith('.md'): filepath = os.path.join(laws_dir, filename) meta, body = parse_law(filepath) if meta.get('estado') == 'vigente': active_laws.append({ 'id': meta.get('identificador'), 'titulo': meta.get('titulo'), 'rango': meta.get('rango'), 'ultima_actualizacion': meta.get('ultima_actualizacion'), })

laws_dir = 'spain' active_laws = []

Sort by last update

按最后更新时间排序

active_laws.sort(key=lambda x: x['ultima_actualizacion'] or '', reverse=True) for law in active_laws[:10]: print(f"{law['ultima_actualizacion']} [{law['rango']}] {law['titulo']}")

undefined

active_laws.sort(key=lambda x: x['ultima_actualizacion'] or '', reverse=True) for law in active_laws[:10]: print(f"{law['ultima_actualizacion']} [{law['rango']}] {law['titulo']}")

undefined

Python: Get Reform History via Git

Python：通过Git获取修订历史

python

import subprocess
import json

def get_reform_history(boe_id):
    """Get all commits that modified a law file."""
    filepath = f"spain/{boe_id}.md"
    result = subprocess.run(
        ['git', 'log', '--format=%H|%ad|%s', '--date=short', '--', filepath],
        capture_output=True, text=True
    )
    reforms = []
    for line in result.stdout.strip().split('\n'):
        if line:
            hash_, date, subject = line.split('|', 2)
            reforms.append({'hash': hash_, 'date': date, 'subject': subject})
    return reforms

python

import subprocess
import json

def get_reform_history(boe_id):
    """获取修改某部法律文件的所有commit。"""
    filepath = f"spain/{boe_id}.md"
    result = subprocess.run(
        ['git', 'log', '--format=%H|%ad|%s', '--date=short', '--', filepath],
        capture_output=True, text=True
    )
    reforms = []
    for line in result.stdout.strip().split('\n'):
        if line:
            hash_, date, subject = line.split('|', 2)
            reforms.append({'hash': hash_, 'date': date, 'subject': subject})
    return reforms

Example usage

示例用法

history = get_reform_history('BOE-A-1978-31229') for reform in history: print(f"{reform['date']} {reform['hash'][:7]} {reform['subject']}")

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history = get_reform_history('BOE-A-1978-31229') for reform in history: print(f"{reform['date']} {reform['hash'][:7]} {reform['subject']}")

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Python: Compare Two Versions of a Law

Python：对比法律的两个版本

python

import subprocess

def diff_law_versions(boe_id, commit_before, commit_after):
    """Get unified diff between two versions of a law."""
    filepath = f"spain/{boe_id}.md"
    result = subprocess.run(
        ['git', 'diff', f'{commit_before}..{commit_after}', '--', filepath],
        capture_output=True, text=True
    )
    return result.stdout

def get_law_at_date(boe_id, date_str):
    """Get the text of a law as it was on a given date (YYYY-MM-DD)."""
    filepath = f"spain/{boe_id}.md"
    # Find the last commit before date
    rev = subprocess.run(
        ['git', 'rev-list', '-1', f'--before={date_str}', 'HEAD'],
        capture_output=True, text=True
    ).stdout.strip()
    
    if not rev:
        return None
    
    content = subprocess.run(
        ['git', 'show', f'{rev}:{filepath}'],
        capture_output=True, text=True
    ).stdout
    return content

python

import subprocess

def diff_law_versions(boe_id, commit_before, commit_after):
    """获取法律两个版本的统一diff。"""
    filepath = f"spain/{boe_id}.md"
    result = subprocess.run(
        ['git', 'diff', f'{commit_before}..{commit_after}', '--', filepath],
        capture_output=True, text=True
    )
    return result.stdout

def get_law_at_date(boe_id, date_str):
    """获取指定日期（YYYY-MM-DD）时的法律文本。"""
    filepath = f"spain/{boe_id}.md"
    # 查找指定日期前的最后一次commit
    rev = subprocess.run(
        ['git', 'rev-list', '-1', f'--before={date_str}', 'HEAD'],
        capture_output=True, text=True
    ).stdout.strip()
    
    if not rev:
        return None
    
    content = subprocess.run(
        ['git', 'show', f'{rev}:{filepath}'],
        capture_output=True, text=True
    ).stdout
    return content

Example: see Constitution before and after 2011 reform

示例：查看2011年宪法修订前后的版本

old_text = get_law_at_date('BOE-A-1978-31229', '2011-09-26') new_text = get_law_at_date('BOE-A-1978-31229', '2011-09-28') print("Pre-reform length:", len(old_text)) print("Post-reform length:", len(new_text))

undefined

old_text = get_law_at_date('BOE-A-1978-31229', '2011-09-26') new_text = get_law_at_date('BOE-A-1978-31229', '2011-09-28') print("修订前长度:", len(old_text)) print("修订后长度:", len(new_text))

undefined

Python: Search Across All Laws

Python：在所有法律中搜索

python

import os
import re

def search_laws(query, laws_dir='spain', rango=None, estado='vigente'):
    """Search for a regex pattern across all laws."""
    results = []
    pattern = re.compile(query, re.IGNORECASE)
    
    for filename in os.listdir(laws_dir):
        if not filename.endswith('.md'):
            continue
        filepath = os.path.join(laws_dir, filename)
        with open(filepath, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
            content = f.read()
        
        # Filter by frontmatter fields
        if estado and f'estado: "{estado}"' not in content:
            continue
        if rango and f'rango: "{rango}"' not in content:
            continue
        
        matches = list(pattern.finditer(content))
        if matches:
            titulo_match = re.search(r'titulo: "([^"]+)"', content)
            titulo = titulo_match.group(1) if titulo_match else filename
            results.append({
                'file': filename,
                'titulo': titulo,
                'match_count': len(matches),
                'first_match_context': content[max(0, matches[0].start()-100):matches[0].end()+100]
            })
    
    return sorted(results, key=lambda x: x['match_count'], reverse=True)

python

import os
import re

def search_laws(query, laws_dir='spain', rango=None, estado='vigente'):
    """在所有法律中搜索正则匹配的内容。"""
    results = []
    pattern = re.compile(query, re.IGNORECASE)
    
    for filename in os.listdir(laws_dir):
        if not filename.endswith('.md'):
            continue
        filepath = os.path.join(laws_dir, filename)
        with open(filepath, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
            content = f.read()
        
        # 按前置元数据字段筛选
        if estado and f'estado: "{estado}"' not in content:
            continue
        if rango and f'rango: "{rango}"' not in content:
            continue
        
        matches = list(pattern.finditer(content))
        if matches:
            titulo_match = re.search(r'titulo: "([^"]+)"', content)
            titulo = titulo_match.group(1) if titulo_match else filename
            results.append({
                'file': filename,
                'titulo': titulo,
                'match_count': len(matches),
                'first_match_context': content[max(0, matches[0].start()-100):matches[0].end()+100]
            })
    
    return sorted(results, key=lambda x: x['match_count'], reverse=True)

Example: find all active organic laws mentioning "privacidad"

示例：查找所有提及"privacidad"的生效组织法

hits = search_laws("privacidad", rango="ley-organica") for h in hits: print(f"[{h['match_count']} matches] {h['titulo']}") print(f" Context: ...{h['first_match_context'].strip()[:150]}...") print()

---

hits = search_laws("privacidad", rango="ley-organica") for h in hits: print(f"[{h['match_count']} 匹配项] {h['titulo']}") print(f" 上下文: ...{h['first_match_context'].strip()[:150]}...") print()

---

Common Workflows

常见工作流

Workflow 1: Research a Legal Topic

工作流1：法律主题调研

bash

undefined

bash

undefined

1. Find relevant laws

1. 查找相关法律

grep -rl "protección de datos personales" spain/ > relevant_laws.txt

2. Get titles of matching files

2. 获取匹配文件的标题

while read file; do grep 'titulo:' "$file" | head -1 done < relevant_laws.txt

3. Find the primary law (LOPD/GDPR implementation)

3. 查找核心法律（LOPD/GDPR落地法规）

grep -rl 'rango: "ley-organica"' spain/ | xargs grep -l "protección de datos"

undefined

grep -rl 'rango: "ley-organica"' spain/ | xargs grep -l "protección de datos"

undefined

Workflow 2: Track a Specific Reform

工作流2：追踪特定修订

bash

undefined

bash

undefined

1. Find when Article 135 changed (2011 constitutional reform)

1. 查找第135条的修改时间（2011年宪法修订）

git log -S "estabilidad presupuestaria" --oneline -- spain/BOE-A-1978-31229.md

2. View the exact changes

2. 查看具体修改内容

git show <commit-hash> -- spain/BOE-A-1978-31229.md

3. Read the commit message for official source

3. 读取commit信息获取官方来源

git show --format="%B" <commit-hash> | head -10

undefined

git show --format="%B" <commit-hash> | head -10

undefined

Workflow 3: Export Laws to JSON

工作流3：导出法律数据为JSON

python

import os, yaml, json

laws = []
for fname in os.listdir('spain'):
    if not fname.endswith('.md'):
        continue
    with open(f'spain/{fname}', 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
        content = f.read()
    if content.startswith('---'):
        parts = content.split('---', 2)
        if len(parts) >= 3:
            meta = yaml.safe_load(parts[1])
            meta['filename'] = fname
            laws.append(meta)

with open('laws_index.json', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
    json.dump(laws, f, ensure_ascii=False, indent=2, default=str)

print(f"Exported {len(laws)} laws")

python

import os, yaml, json

laws = []
for fname in os.listdir('spain'):
    if not fname.endswith('.md'):
        continue
    with open(f'spain/{fname}', 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
        content = f.read()
    if content.startswith('---'):
        parts = content.split('---', 2)
        if len(parts) >= 3:
            meta = yaml.safe_load(parts[1])
            meta['filename'] = fname
            laws.append(meta)

with open('laws_index.json', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
    json.dump(laws, f, ensure_ascii=False, indent=2, default=str)

print(f"已导出 {len(laws)} 部法律")

Troubleshooting

问题排查

Repo is Too Large to Clone

仓库太大无法克隆

bash

undefined

bash

undefined

Use shallow clone for current state only

使用浅克隆仅获取当前版本

git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/legalize-dev/legalize-es.git

Or clone with limited history

或者克隆限制历史深度的版本

git clone --depth 50 https://github.com/legalize-dev/legalize-es.git

undefined

git clone --depth 50 https://github.com/legalize-dev/legalize-es.git

undefined

Git Log Shows No History After Shallow Clone

浅克隆后Git Log没有历史记录

bash

undefined

bash

undefined

Fetch more history

获取更多历史记录

git fetch --deepen=100

Fetch full history

获取完整历史记录

git fetch --unshallow

undefined

git fetch --unshallow

undefined

Encoding Issues on Windows

Windows上的编码问题

bash

undefined

bash

undefined

Force UTF-8 in git

强制Git使用UTF-8

git config core.quotepath false git config i18n.logoutputencoding utf-8

In Python, always open files with encoding='utf-8'

Python中打开文件始终指定encoding='utf-8'

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Finding a Law Without Its BOE ID

没有BOE ID时查找法律

bash

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bash

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Search by partial title (case-insensitive)

按部分标题搜索（不区分大小写）

grep -ril "enjuiciamiento civil" spain/ | head -5

Or search in frontmatter only (faster)

或者仅在前缀元数据中搜索（速度更快）

grep -rl "Ley de Enjuiciamiento Civil" spain/

---

grep -rl "Ley de Enjuiciamiento Civil" spain/

---

Data Source & License

数据源与许可证

Legislative content: Public domain — sourced from BOE Open Data API
Repository structure, metadata, tooling: MIT License
Official source per law: See
```
fuente:
```
field in each file's frontmatter
Part of: Legalize multi-country project
Upcoming: Programmatic API at legalize.dev

立法内容: 公有领域 — 来源于BOE开放数据API
仓库结构、元数据、工具代码: MIT许可证
每部法律的官方来源: 参见每个文件前置元数据中的
```
fuente:
```
字段
所属项目: Legalize多国法律项目
即将上线: legalize.dev 程序化API