fsi-comps-analysis
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ChineseComparable Company Analysis
可比公司分析
⚠️ CRITICAL: Data Source Priority (READ FIRST)
⚠️ 重要提示:数据源优先级(请先阅读)
ALWAYS follow this data source hierarchy:
- FIRST: Check for MCP data sources - If S&P Kensho MCP, FactSet MCP, or Daloopa MCP are available, use them exclusively for financial and trading information
- DO NOT use web search if the above MCP data sources are available
- ONLY if MCPs are unavailable: Then use Bloomberg Terminal, SEC EDGAR filings, or other institutional sources
- NEVER use web search as a primary data source - it lacks the accuracy, audit trails, and reliability required for institutional-grade analysis
Why this matters: MCP sources provide verified, institutional-grade data with proper citations. Web search results can be outdated, inaccurate, or unreliable for financial analysis.
请严格遵循以下数据源优先级顺序:
- 首选:检查MCP数据源 - 如果有S&P Kensho MCP、FactSet MCP或Daloopa MCP可用,财务和交易信息请仅使用这些数据源
- 如果上述MCP数据源可用,请勿使用网页搜索
- 仅当MCP不可用时: 再使用Bloomberg Terminal、SEC EDGAR文件或其他机构级数据源
- 绝对不要将网页搜索作为主要数据源 - 它缺乏机构级分析所需的准确性、审计轨迹和可靠性
重要性说明: MCP数据源提供经过验证的机构级数据,附带规范引用来源。网页搜索结果可能过时、不准确,不适合用于财务分析。
Overview
概述
This skill teaches Claude to build institutional-grade comparable company analyses that combine operating metrics, valuation multiples, and statistical benchmarking. The output is a structured Excel/spreadsheet that enables informed investment decisions through peer comparison.
Reference Material & Contextualization:
An example comparable company analysis is provided in . When using this or other example files in this skill directory, use them intelligently:
examples/comps_example.xlsxDO use examples for:
- Understanding structural hierarchy (how sections flow)
- Grasping the level of rigor expected (statistical depth, documentation standards)
- Learning principles (clear headers, transparent formulas, audit trails)
DO NOT use examples for:
- Exact reproduction of format or metrics
- Copying layout without considering context
- Applying the same visual style regardless of audience
ALWAYS ask yourself first:
- "Do you have a preferred format or should I adapt the template style?"
- "Who is the audience?" (Investment committee, board presentation, quick reference, detailed memo)
- "What's the key question?" (Valuation, growth analysis, competitive positioning, efficiency)
- "What's the context?" (M&A evaluation, investment decision, sector benchmarking, performance review)
Adapt based on specifics:
- Industry context: Big tech mega-caps need different metrics than emerging SaaS startups
- Sector-specific needs: Add relevant metrics early (e.g., cloud ARR, enterprise customers, developer ecosystem for tech)
- Company familiarity: Well-known companies may need less background, more focus on delta analysis
- Decision type: M&A requires different emphasis than ongoing portfolio monitoring
Core principle: Use template principles (clear structure, statistical rigor, transparent formulas) but vary execution based on context. The goal is institutional-quality analysis, not institutional-looking templates.
User-provided examples and explicit preferences always take precedence over defaults.
本技能指导Claude构建机构级可比公司分析,整合运营指标、估值倍数和统计基准。输出为结构化的Excel/电子表格,通过同行对比支撑科学的投资决策。
参考材料与语境适配:
examples/comps_example.xlsx示例的正确用法:
- 理解结构层级(各部分的逻辑顺序)
- 掌握要求的严谨程度(统计深度、文档标准)
- 学习构建原则(清晰的表头、透明的公式、可审计的轨迹)
示例的错误用法:
- 完全复刻格式或指标
- 不考虑上下文直接照搬布局
- 不顾受众直接套用相同的视觉样式
请务必先明确以下问题:
- “您是否有偏好的格式,还是我需要适配模板风格?”
- “受众是谁?”(投资委员会、董事会演示、快速参考、详细备忘录)
- “核心问题是什么?”(估值、增长分析、竞争定位、效率)
- “背景是什么?”(并购评估、投资决策、行业对标、绩效复盘)
根据具体情况适配:
- 行业背景: 大型科技巨头需要的指标与新兴SaaS初创公司不同
- 特定行业需求: 提前添加相关指标(例如科技行业的云ARR、企业客户数、开发者生态)
- 公司熟悉度: 知名公司需要的背景介绍更少,可以更侧重差异分析
- 决策类型: 并购的分析重点与持续的投组监控不同
核心原则: 遵循模板原则(结构清晰、统计严谨、公式透明),但根据上下文调整执行方式。目标是产出机构质量的分析,而非看起来像机构模板的文件。
用户提供的示例和明确偏好始终优先于默认规则。
Core Philosophy
核心理念
"Build the right structure first, then let the data tell the story."
Start with headers that force strategic thinking about what matters, input clean data, build transparent formulas, and let statistics emerge automatically. A good comp should be immediately readable by someone who didn't build it.
“先搭建合理的结构,再让数据说明结论。”
首先设计能引导你思考核心要素的表头,录入干净的数据,构建透明的公式,再自动生成统计结果。一份好的可比分析应该能让没有参与构建的人也能快速读懂。
Section 1: Document Structure & Setup
第一部分:文档结构与设置
Header Block (Rows 1-3)
表头块(第1-3行)
Row 1: [ANALYSIS TITLE] - COMPARABLE COMPANY ANALYSIS
Row 2: [List of Companies with Tickers] • [Company 1 (TICK1)] • [Company 2 (TICK2)] • [Company 3 (TICK3)]
Row 3: As of [Period] | All figures in [USD Millions/Billions] except per-share amounts and ratiosWhy this matters: Establishes context immediately. Anyone opening this file knows what they're looking at, when it was created, and how to interpret the numbers.
第1行:[分析标题] - 可比公司分析
第2行:[带股票代码的公司列表] • [公司1(代码1)] • [公司2(代码2)] • [公司3(代码3)]
第3行:截至[统计周期] | 除每股数据和比率外,所有数值单位为[百万/十亿美元]重要性说明: 立即建立上下文信息。任何打开文件的人都能知道内容主题、创建时间,以及如何解读数据。
Visual Convention Standards (OPTIONAL - User preferences and uploaded templates always override)
视觉规范标准(可选 - 用户偏好和上传的模板始终优先)
IMPORTANT: These are suggested defaults only. Always prioritize:
- User's explicit formatting preferences
- Formatting from any uploaded template files
- Company/team style guides
- These defaults (only if no other guidance provided)
Suggested Font & Typography:
- Font family: Times New Roman (professional, readable, industry standard)
- Font size: 11pt for data cells, 12pt for headers
- Bold text: Section headers, company names, statistic labels
Suggested Color & Shading:
- Section headers (e.g., "OPERATING STATISTICS & FINANCIAL METRICS"):
- Dark blue background (#17365D or similar navy)
- White bold text
- Full row shading across all columns
- Column headers (e.g., "Company", "Revenue", "Margin"):
- Light blue/gray background (#D9E2F3 or similar pale blue)
- Black bold text
- Centered alignment
- Data rows:
- White background for company data
- Black text for inputs and formulas
- Statistics rows (Maximum, 75th Percentile, etc.):
- Light gray background (#F2F2F2)
- Black text, left-aligned labels
Suggested Formatting Conventions:
- Decimal precision:
- Percentages: 1 decimal (12.3%)
- Multiples: 1 decimal (13.5x)
- Dollar amounts: No decimals, thousands separator (69,632)
- Margins shown as percentages: 1 decimal (68.7%)
- Borders: No borders (clean, minimal appearance)
- Alignment: All metrics center-aligned for clean, uniform appearance
- Cell dimensions: All column widths should be uniform/even, all row heights should be consistent (creates clean, professional grid)
Note: If the user provides a template file or specifies different formatting, use that instead.
重要提示: 以下仅为默认建议。请始终优先遵循:
- 用户明确的格式偏好
- 任何上传模板文件的格式
- 公司/团队风格指南
- 以下默认规则(仅当没有其他指导时适用)
建议字体与排版:
- 字体: Times New Roman(专业、易读,行业标准)
- 字号: 数据单元格11pt,表头12pt
- 加粗文本: 区块标题、公司名称、统计指标标签
建议颜色与底纹:
- 区块标题(例如“运营统计与财务指标”):
- 深蓝色背景(#17365D或类似藏青色)
- 白色加粗文本
- 整行跨所有列填充底纹
- 列表头(例如“公司”、“营收”、“利润率”):
- 浅蓝/灰色背景(#D9E2F3或类似淡蓝色)
- 黑色加粗文本
- 居中对齐
- 数据行:
- 公司数据用白色背景
- 输入项和公式用黑色文本
- 统计行(最大值、75分位值等):
- 浅灰色背景(#F2F2F2)
- 黑色文本,标签左对齐
建议格式规范:
- 小数精度:
- 百分比:保留1位小数(12.3%)
- 倍数:保留1位小数(13.5x)
- 美元金额:无小数,带千位分隔符(69,632)
- 利润率以百分比展示:保留1位小数(68.7%)
- 边框: 无边框(简洁、清爽的外观)
- 对齐: 所有指标居中对齐,呈现整洁统一的效果
- 单元格尺寸: 所有列宽统一均匀,所有行高一致(构建清爽专业的网格)
注意: 如果用户提供了模板文件或指定了其他格式,请优先使用用户要求的格式。
Section 2: Operating Statistics & Financial Metrics
第二部分:运营统计与财务指标
Core Columns (Start with these)
核心列(默认包含)
- Company - Names with consistent formatting
- Revenue - Size metric (can be LTM, quarterly, or annual depending on context)
- Revenue Growth - Year-over-year percentage change
- Gross Profit - Revenue minus cost of goods sold
- Gross Margin - GP/Revenue (fundamental profitability)
- EBITDA - Earnings before interest, tax, depreciation, amortization
- EBITDA Margin - EBITDA/Revenue (operating efficiency)
- 公司 - 格式统一的公司名称
- 营收 - 规模指标(可根据上下文选择过去12个月(LTM)、季度或年度数据)
- 营收增速 - 同比百分比变化
- 毛利润 - 营收减去销售成本
- 毛利率 - 毛利润/营收(基础盈利能力)
- EBITDA - 息税折旧摊销前利润
- EBITDA利润率 - EBITDA/营收(运营效率)
Optional Additions (Choose based on industry/purpose)
可选补充项(根据行业/分析目的选择)
- Quarterly vs LTM - Include both if seasonality matters
- Free Cash Flow - For capital-intensive or SaaS businesses
- FCF Margin - FCF/Revenue (cash generation efficiency)
- Net Income - For mature, profitable companies
- Operating Income - For businesses with varying D&A
- CapEx metrics - For asset-heavy industries
- Rule of 40 - Specifically for SaaS (Growth % + Margin %)
- FCF Conversion - For quality of earnings analysis (advanced)
- 季度数据与LTM数据 - 如果季节因素影响较大,可同时包含两者
- 自由现金流 - 适用于资本密集型或SaaS企业
- 自由现金流利润率 - 自由现金流/营收(现金生成效率)
- 净利润 - 适用于成熟盈利的公司
- 运营利润 - 适用于折旧摊销差异较大的企业
- 资本支出指标 - 适用于重资产行业
- 40%法则 - 专门适用于SaaS行业(增速% + 利润率%)
- 自由现金流转化率 - 适用于盈利质量分析(高阶指标)
Formula Examples (Using Row 7 as example)
公式示例(以第7行为例)
excel
// Core ratios - these are always calculated
Gross Margin (F7): =E7/C7
EBITDA Margin (H7): =G7/C7
// Optional ratios - include if relevant
FCF Margin: =[FCF]/[Revenue]
Net Margin: =[Net Income]/[Revenue]
Rule of 40: =[Growth %]+[FCF Margin %]Golden Rule: Every ratio should be [Something] / [Revenue] or [Something] / [Something from this sheet]. Keep it simple.
excel
// 核心比率 - 始终需要计算
毛利率 (F7): =E7/C7
EBITDA利润率 (H7): =G7/C7
// 可选比率 - 相关时包含
自由现金流利润率: =[自由现金流]/[营收]
净利润率: =[净利润]/[营收]
40%法则: =[增速%]+[自由现金流利润率%]黄金准则: 所有比率都应该是[某项指标]/[营收],或[某项指标]/[本表内的其他指标]。尽量保持简洁。
Statistics Block (After company data)
统计区块(公司数据之后)
CRITICAL: Add statistics formulas for all comparable metrics (ratios, margins, growth rates, multiples).
[Leave one blank row for visual separation]
- Maximum: =MAX(B7:B9)
- 75th Percentile: =QUARTILE(B7:B9,3)
- Median: =MEDIAN(B7:B9)
- 25th Percentile: =QUARTILE(B7:B9,1)
- Minimum: =MIN(B7:B9)Columns that NEED statistics (comparable metrics):
- Revenue Growth %, Gross Margin %, EBITDA Margin %, EPS
- EV/Revenue, EV/EBITDA, P/E, Dividend Yield %, Beta
Columns that DON'T need statistics (size metrics):
- Revenue, EBITDA, Net Income (absolute size varies by company scale)
- Market Cap, Enterprise Value (not comparable across different-sized companies)
Note: Add one blank row between company data and statistics rows for visual separation. Do NOT add a "SECTOR STATISTICS" or "VALUATION STATISTICS" header row.
Why quartiles matter: They show distribution, not just average. A 75th percentile multiple tells you what "premium" companies trade at.
重要提示: 为所有可比指标(比率、利润率、增速、倍数)添加统计公式。
[留一行空白行用于视觉分隔]
- 最大值: =MAX(B7:B9)
- 75分位值: =QUARTILE(B7:B9,3)
- 中位数: =MEDIAN(B7:B9)
- 25分位值: =QUARTILE(B7:B9,1)
- 最小值: =MIN(B7:B9)需要统计的列(可比指标):
- 营收增速%、毛利率%、EBITDA利润率%、每股收益
- 企业价值/营收、企业价值/EBITDA、市盈率、股息率%、贝塔系数
不需要统计的列(规模指标):
- 营收、EBITDA、净利润(绝对规模随公司规模差异较大)
- 市值、企业价值(不同规模的公司之间不具备可比性)
注意: 公司数据和统计行之间留一行空白用于视觉分隔。不要添加“行业统计”或“估值统计”的表头行。
分位值的重要性: 它们展示了数据分布,而不仅仅是平均值。75分位的倍数可以告诉你“溢价”公司的估值水平。
Section 3: Valuation Multiples & Investment Metrics
第三部分:估值倍数与投资指标
Core Valuation Columns (Start with these)
核心估值列(默认包含)
- Company - Same order as operating section
- Market Cap - Current market valuation
- Enterprise Value - Market Cap ± Net Debt/Cash
- EV/Revenue - How much market pays per dollar of sales
- EV/EBITDA - How much market pays per dollar of earnings
- P/E Ratio - Price relative to net earnings
- 公司 - 与运营板块顺序一致
- 市值 - 当前市场估值
- 企业价值 - 市值 ± 净负债/现金
- 企业价值/营收 - 市场为每1美元营收支付的价格
- 企业价值/EBITDA - 市场为每1美元盈利支付的价格
- 市盈率 - 股价与净利润的比值
Optional Valuation Metrics (Choose based on context)
可选估值指标(根据上下文选择)
- FCF Yield - FCF/Market Cap (for cash-focused analysis)
- PEG Ratio - P/E/Growth Rate (for growth companies)
- Price/Book - Market value vs. book value (for asset-heavy businesses)
- ROE/ROA - Return metrics (for profitability comparison)
- Revenue/EBITDA CAGR - Historical growth rates (for trend analysis)
- Asset Turnover - Revenue/Assets (for operational efficiency)
- Debt/Equity - Leverage (for capital structure analysis)
Key Principle: Include 3-5 core multiples that matter for your industry. Don't include every possible metric just because you can.
- 自由现金流收益率 - 自由现金流/市值(适用于侧重现金流的分析)
- 市盈增长比 - 市盈率/增速(适用于成长型公司)
- 市净率 - 市值与账面价值的比值(适用于重资产企业)
- 净资产收益率/总资产收益率 - 回报指标(用于盈利能力对比)
- 营收/EBITDA复合年增长率 - 历史增速(用于趋势分析)
- 资产周转率 - 营收/总资产(用于运营效率分析)
- 资产负债率 - 总负债/股东权益(用于资本结构分析)
核心原则: 包含3-5个对你所在行业最重要的核心倍数。不要为了凑数而加入所有可能的指标。
Formula Examples
公式示例
excel
// Core multiples - always include these
EV/Revenue: =[Enterprise Value]/[LTM Revenue]
EV/EBITDA: =[Enterprise Value]/[LTM EBITDA]
P/E Ratio: =[Market Cap]/[Net Income]
// Optional multiples - include if data available
FCF Yield: =[LTM FCF]/[Market Cap]
PEG Ratio: =[P/E]/[Growth Rate %]excel
// 核心倍数 - 始终包含
企业价值/营收: =[企业价值]/[过去12个月营收]
企业价值/EBITDA: =[企业价值]/[过去12个月EBITDA]
市盈率: =[市值]/[净利润]
// 可选倍数 - 数据可用时包含
自由现金流收益率: =[过去12个月自由现金流]/[市值]
市盈增长比: =[市盈率]/[增速%]Cross-Reference Rule
交叉引用规则
CRITICAL: Valuation multiples MUST reference the operating metrics section. Never input the same raw data twice. If revenue is in C7, then EV/Revenue formula should reference C7.
重要提示: 估值倍数必须引用运营指标板块的数据。绝对不要重复录入相同的原始数据。如果营收在C7单元格,那么企业价值/营收的公式必须引用C7。
Statistics Block
统计区块
Same structure as operating section: Max, 75th, Median, 25th, Min for every metric. Add one blank row for visual separation between company data and statistics. Do NOT add a "VALUATION STATISTICS" header row.
与运营板块结构相同:每个指标都计算最大值、75分位值、中位数、25分位值、最小值。公司数据和统计行之间留一行空白用于视觉分隔。不要添加“估值统计”的表头行。
Section 4: Notes & Methodology Documentation
第四部分:注释与方法论说明
Required Components
必填内容
Data Sources & Quality:
- Where did the data come from? (S&P Kensho MCP, FactSet MCP, Daloopa MCP, Bloomberg, SEC filings)
- What period does it cover? (Q4 2024, audited figures)
- How was it verified? (Cross-checked against 10-K/10-Q)
- Note: Prioritize MCP data sources (S&P Kensho, FactSet, Daloopa) if available for better accuracy and traceability
Key Definitions:
- EBITDA calculation method (Gross Profit + D&A, or Operating Income + D&A)
- Free Cash Flow formula (Operating CF - CapEx)
- Special metrics explained (Rule of 40, FCF Conversion)
- Time period definitions (LTM, CAGR calculation periods)
Valuation Methodology:
- How was Enterprise Value calculated? (Market Cap + Net Debt)
- What growth rates were used? (Historical CAGR, forward estimates)
- Any adjustments made? (One-time items excluded, normalized margins)
Analysis Framework:
- What's the investment thesis? (Cloud/SaaS efficiency)
- What metrics matter most? (Cash generation, capital efficiency)
- How should readers interpret the statistics? (Quartiles provide context)
数据源与质量:
- 数据来自哪里?(S&P Kensho MCP、FactSet MCP、Daloopa MCP、Bloomberg、SEC文件)
- 数据覆盖的周期是?(2024年第四季度、经审计数据)
- 如何验证数据?(与10-K/10-Q交叉核对)
- 注意:如果有MCP数据源(S&P Kensho、FactSet、Daloopa)请优先使用,以获得更高的准确性和可追溯性
关键定义:
- EBITDA计算方法(毛利润+折旧摊销,或运营利润+折旧摊销)
- 自由现金流公式(运营现金流-资本支出)
- 特殊指标说明(40%法则、自由现金流转化率)
- 时间周期定义(LTM、复合年增长率计算周期)
估值方法论:
- 企业价值如何计算?(市值+净负债)
- 使用了什么增速?(历史复合年增长率、前瞻预测)
- 做了哪些调整?(剔除一次性项目、标准化利润率)
分析框架:
- 投资逻辑是什么?(云/SaaS效率)
- 哪些指标最重要?(现金生成、资本效率)
- 读者应该如何解读统计数据?(分位值提供参考语境)
Section 5: Choosing the Right Metrics (Decision Framework)
第五部分:选择合适的指标(决策框架)
Start with "What question am I answering?"
从“我要回答什么问题?”开始
"Which company is undervalued?"
→ Focus on: EV/Revenue, EV/EBITDA, P/E, Market Cap
→ Skip: Operational details, growth metrics
"Which company is most efficient?"
→ Focus on: Gross Margin, EBITDA Margin, FCF Margin, Asset Turnover
→ Skip: Size metrics, absolute dollar amounts
"Which company is growing fastest?"
→ Focus on: Revenue Growth %, EBITDA CAGR, User/Customer Growth
→ Skip: Margin metrics, leverage ratios
"Which is the best cash generator?"
→ Focus on: FCF, FCF Margin, FCF Conversion, CapEx intensity
→ Skip: EBITDA, P/E ratios
“哪家公司被低估了?”
→ 重点关注:企业价值/营收、企业价值/EBITDA、市盈率、市值
→ 跳过:运营细节、增长指标
“哪家公司效率最高?”
→ 重点关注:毛利率、EBITDA利润率、自由现金流利润率、资产周转率
→ 跳过:规模指标、绝对金额
“哪家公司增长最快?”
→ 重点关注:营收增速%、EBITDA复合年增长率、用户/客户增长
→ 跳过:利润率指标、杠杆率
“哪家公司现金流生成能力最强?”
→ 重点关注:自由现金流、自由现金流利润率、自由现金流转化率、资本支出强度
→ 跳过:EBITDA、市盈率
Industry-Specific Metric Selection
特定行业指标选择
Software/SaaS:
Must have: Revenue Growth, Gross Margin, Rule of 40
Optional: ARR, Net Dollar Retention, CAC Payback
Skip: Asset Turnover, Inventory metrics
Manufacturing/Industrials:
Must have: EBITDA Margin, Asset Turnover, CapEx/Revenue
Optional: ROA, Inventory Turns, Backlog
Skip: Rule of 40, SaaS metrics
Financial Services:
Must have: ROE, ROA, Efficiency Ratio, P/E
Optional: Net Interest Margin, Loan Loss Reserves
Skip: Gross Margin, EBITDA (not meaningful for banks)
Retail/E-commerce:
Must have: Revenue Growth, Gross Margin, Inventory Turnover
Optional: Same-Store Sales, Customer Acquisition Cost
Skip: Heavy R&D or CapEx metrics
软件/SaaS:
必填:营收增速、毛利率、40%法则
可选:ARR、净美元留存率、客户获取成本回收期
跳过:资产周转率、库存指标
制造业/工业:
必填:EBITDA利润率、资产周转率、资本支出/营收
可选:总资产收益率、库存周转率、未交付订单
跳过:40%法则、SaaS相关指标
金融服务:
必填:净资产收益率、总资产收益率、效率比率、市盈率
可选:净息差、贷款损失准备金
跳过:毛利率、EBITDA(对银行无意义)
零售/电商:
必填:营收增速、毛利率、库存周转率
可选:同店销售额、客户获取成本
跳过:高研发或资本支出相关指标
The "5-10 Rule"
“5-10法则”
5 operating metrics - Revenue, Growth, 2-3 margins/efficiency metrics
5 valuation metrics - Market Cap, EV, 3 multiples
= 10 total columns - Enough to tell the story, not so many you lose the thread
If you have more than 15 metrics, you're probably including noise. Edit ruthlessly.
5个运营指标 - 营收、增速、2-3个利润率/效率指标
5个估值指标 - 市值、企业价值、3个倍数
= 总共10列 - 足够说明结论,不会因为过多信息失去重点
如果指标超过15个,很可能包含了无效信息,请果断精简。
Section 6: Best Practices & Quality Checks
第六部分:最佳实践与质量检查
Before You Start
开始之前
- Define the peer group - Companies must be truly comparable (similar business model, scale, geography)
- Choose the right period - LTM smooths seasonality; quarterly shows trends
- Standardize units upfront - Millions vs. billions decision affects everything
- Map data sources - Know where each number comes from
- 定义同行组 - 公司必须真正可比(相似的商业模式、规模、地域)
- 选择合适的周期 - LTM平滑季节波动;季度数据展示趋势
- 提前统一单位 - 选择百万还是十亿单位会影响所有后续工作
- 梳理数据源 - 明确每个数据的来源
As You Build
构建过程中
-
Input all raw data first - Complete the blue text before writing formulas
-
Add cell comments to ALL hard-coded inputs - Right-click cell → Insert Comment → Document source OR assumptionFor sourced data, cite exactly where it came from:
- Example: "Bloomberg Terminal - MSFT Equity DES, accessed 2024-10-02"
- Example: "Q4 2024 10-K filing, page 42, line item 'Total Revenue'"
- Example: "FactSet consensus estimate as of 2024-10-02"
- Include hyperlinks when possible: Right-click cell → Link → paste URL to SEC filing, data source, or report
For assumptions, explain the reasoning:- Example: "Assumed 15% EBITDA margin based on peer median, company does not disclose"
- Example: "Estimated Enterprise Value as Market Cap + $50M net debt (from Q3 balance sheet, Q4 not yet available)"
- Example: "Forward P/E based on street consensus EPS of $3.45 (average of 12 analyst estimates)"
Why this matters: Enables audit trails, data verification, assumption transparency, and future updates -
Build formulas row by row - Test each calculation before moving on
-
Use absolute references for headers - $C$6 locks the header row
-
Format consistently - Percentages as percentages, not decimals
-
Add conditional formatting - Highlight outliers automatically
-
先录入所有原始数据 - 写完公式前先填完所有蓝色输入项
-
为所有硬编码输入添加单元格注释 - 右键单元格→插入注释→注明来源或假设对于来源明确的数据,准确标注来源:
- 示例:“Bloomberg Terminal - MSFT Equity DES,访问时间2024-10-02”
- 示例:“2024年第四季度10-K文件,第42页,行项目‘总营收’”
- 示例:“FactSet共识预测,截至2024-10-02”
- 尽可能添加超链接: 右键单元格→链接→粘贴SEC文件、数据源或报告的URL
对于假设数据,说明推理逻辑:- 示例:“基于同行中位数假设15%的EBITDA利润率,公司未披露相关数据”
- 示例:“企业价值估算为市值+5000万美元净负债(来自第三季度资产负债表,第四季度数据尚未公布)”
- 示例:“前瞻市盈率基于市场共识每股收益3.45美元(12位分析师预测的平均值)”
重要性说明: 支持审计轨迹、数据验证、假设透明化,以及后续更新 -
逐行构建公式 - 测试每个计算正确后再继续下一个
-
表头使用绝对引用 - $C$6锁定表头行
-
格式统一 - 百分比按百分比格式展示,不要用小数
-
添加条件格式 - 自动高亮异常值
Sanity Checks
合理性检查
- Margin test: Gross margin > EBITDA margin > Net margin (always true by definition)
- Multiple reasonableness:
- EV/Revenue: typically 0.5-20x (varies widely by industry)
- EV/EBITDA: typically 8-25x (fairly consistent across industries)
- P/E: typically 10-50x (depends on growth rate)
- Growth-multiple correlation: Higher growth usually means higher multiples
- Size-efficiency trade-off: Larger companies often have better margins (scale benefits)
- 利润率测试: 毛利率 > EBITDA利润率 > 净利润率(定义上始终成立)
- 倍数合理性:
- 企业价值/营收:通常0.5-20x(不同行业差异较大)
- 企业价值/EBITDA:通常8-25x(不同行业相对一致)
- 市盈率:通常10-50x(取决于增速)
- 增长-倍数相关性: 更高的增速通常对应更高的倍数
- 规模-效率权衡: 更大的公司通常利润率更高(规模效应)
Common Mistakes to Avoid
需要避免的常见错误
❌ Mixing market cap and enterprise value in formulas
❌ Using different time periods for numerator and denominator (LTM vs quarterly)
❌ Hardcoding numbers into formulas instead of cell references
❌ Hard-coded inputs without cell comments citing the source OR explaining the assumption
❌ Missing hyperlinks to SEC filings or data sources when available
❌ Including too many metrics without clear purpose
❌ Including non-comparable companies (different business models)
❌ Using outdated data without disclosure
❌ Calculating averages of percentages incorrectly (should be median)
❌ 公式中混用市值和企业价值
❌ 分子和分母使用不同的时间周期(LTM vs 季度)
❌ 公式中硬编码数字而非引用单元格
❌ 硬编码输入没有单元格注释注明来源或说明假设
❌ 有可用的SEC文件或数据源时没有添加超链接
❌ 无明确目的添加过多指标
❌ 包含不可比的公司(商业模式不同)
❌ 使用过时数据未披露
❌ 百分比平均值计算错误(应该用中位数)
Section 6: Advanced Features
第六部分:高级功能
Dynamic Headers
动态表头
For columns showing calculations, use clear unit labels:
Revenue Growth (YoY) % | EBITDA Margin | FCF Margin | Rule of 40对于展示计算结果的列,使用清晰的单位标签:
营收增速(同比)% | EBITDA利润率 | 自由现金流利润率 | 40%法则Quartile Analysis Benefits
分位值分析的优势
Instead of just mean/median, quartiles show:
- 75th percentile = "Premium" companies trade here
- Median = Typical market valuation
- 25th percentile = "Discount" territory
This helps answer: "Is our target company trading rich or cheap vs. peers?"
相比仅用均值/中位数,分位值可以展示:
- 75分位值 = “溢价”公司的估值区间
- 中位数 = 典型市场估值
- 25分位值 = “折价”区间
这可以帮助回答:“我们的目标公司相比同行是被高估还是低估了?”
Industry-Specific Modifications
特定行业调整
Software/SaaS:
- Add: ARR, Net Dollar Retention, CAC Payback Period
- Emphasize: Rule of 40, FCF margins, gross margins >70%
Healthcare:
- Add: R&D/Revenue, Pipeline value, Regulatory status
- Emphasize: EBITDA margins, growth rates, reimbursement risk
Industrials:
- Add: Backlog, Order book trends, Geographic mix
- Emphasize: ROIC, asset turnover, cyclical adjustments
Consumer:
- Add: Same-store sales, Customer acquisition cost, Brand value
- Emphasize: Revenue growth, gross margins, inventory turns
软件/SaaS:
- 添加:ARR、净美元留存率、客户获取成本回收期
- 重点关注:40%法则、自由现金流利润率、毛利率>70%
医疗健康:
- 添加:研发/营收、管线价值、监管状态
- 重点关注:EBITDA利润率、增速、报销风险
工业:
- 添加:未交付订单、订单簿趋势、地域分布
- 重点关注:投入资本回报率、资产周转率、周期性调整
消费:
- 添加:同店销售额、客户获取成本、品牌价值
- 重点关注:营收增速、毛利率、库存周转率
Section 7: Workflow & Practical Tips
第七部分:工作流与实用技巧
Step-by-Step Process
分步流程
-
Set up structure (30 minutes)
- Create all headers
- Format cells (blue for inputs, black for formulas)
- Lock in units and date references
-
Gather data (60-90 minutes)
- Pull from primary sources (S&P Kensho MCP, FactSet MCP, Daloopa MCP if available; otherwise Bloomberg, SEC)
- Input all raw numbers in blue
- Document sources in notes section
-
Build formulas (30 minutes)
- Start with simple ratios (margins)
- Progress to multiples (EV/Revenue)
- Add cross-checks (do margins make sense?)
-
Add statistics (15 minutes)
- Copy formula structure for all columns
- Verify ranges are correct (B7:B9, not B7:B10)
- Check quartile logic
-
Quality control (30 minutes)
- Run sanity checks
- Verify formula references
- Check for #DIV/0! or #REF! errors
- Compare against known benchmarks
-
Documentation (15 minutes)
- Complete notes section
- Add data sources
- Define methodologies
- Date-stamp the analysis
-
搭建结构(30分钟)
- 创建所有表头
- 格式化单元格(蓝色为输入项,黑色为公式)
- 确定单位和日期参考
-
收集数据(60-90分钟)
- 从一级数据源拉取数据(优先使用S&P Kensho MCP、FactSet MCP、Daloopa MCP;否则用Bloomberg、SEC)
- 将所有原始数据录入蓝色单元格
- 在注释板块记录数据源
-
构建公式(30分钟)
- 从简单比率(利润率)开始
- 逐步计算倍数(企业价值/营收)
- 添加交叉检查(利润率是否合理?)
-
添加统计数据(15分钟)
- 为所有列复制公式结构
- 确认范围正确(B7:B9,而非B7:B10)
- 检查分位值逻辑
-
质量管控(30分钟)
- 执行合理性检查
- 验证公式引用
- 检查是否有#DIV/0!或#REF!错误
- 与已知基准对比
-
文档完善(15分钟)
- 完成注释板块
- 添加数据源说明
- 定义方法论
- 为分析添加日期戳
Pro Tips
专业技巧
- Save templates: Build once, reuse forever
- Color-code outliers: Conditional formatting for values >2 standard deviations
- Link to source files: Hyperlink to Bloomberg screenshots or SEC filings
- Version control: Save as "Comps_v1_2024-12-15" with clear dating
- Collaborative reviews: Have someone else check your formulas
- 保存模板: 搭建一次,永久复用
- 异常值颜色标记: 用条件格式标记超过2个标准差的数值
- 链接到源文件: 超链接到Bloomberg截图或SEC文件
- 版本控制: 保存为“可比分析_v1_2024-12-15”,标注清晰日期
- 协作审核: 让其他人检查你的公式
Excel Formatting Checklist (Optional - adapt to user preferences)
Excel格式检查清单(可选 - 可适配用户偏好)
- Font set to user's preferred style (default: Times New Roman, 11pt data, 12pt headers)
- Section headers formatted per user's template (default: dark blue #17365D with white bold text)
- Column headers formatted per user's template (default: light blue/gray #D9E2F3 with black bold text)
- Statistics rows formatted per user's template (default: light gray #F2F2F2)
- No borders applied (clean, minimal appearance)
- Column widths set to uniform/even width (creates clean, professional appearance)
- Row heights set to consistent height (typically 20-25pt for data rows)
- Numbers formatted with proper decimal precision and thousands separators
- All metrics center-aligned for clean, uniform appearance
- One blank row for separation between company data and statistics rows
- No separate "SECTOR STATISTICS" or "VALUATION STATISTICS" header rows
- Every hard-coded input cell has a comment with either: (1) exact data source, OR (2) assumption explanation
- Hyperlinks added to cells where applicable (SEC filings, data provider pages, reports)
- 字体设置为用户偏好的样式(默认:Times New Roman,数据11pt,表头12pt)
- 区块标题按用户模板格式化(默认:深蓝色#17365D,白色加粗文本)
- 列表头按用户模板格式化(默认:浅蓝/灰色#D9E2F3,黑色加粗文本)
- 统计行按用户模板格式化(默认:浅灰色#F2F2F2)
- 无边框(清爽简洁的外观)
- 列宽设置为统一均匀宽度(呈现清爽专业的外观)
- 行高设置为一致高度(数据行通常20-25pt)
- 数字格式设置了正确的小数精度和千位分隔符
- 所有指标居中对齐,呈现整洁统一的效果
- 公司数据和统计行之间留一行空白分隔
- 没有单独的“行业统计”或“估值统计”表头行
- 每个硬编码输入单元格都有注释,包含:(1) 准确的数据源,或(2) 假设说明
- 适用场景下为单元格添加超链接(SEC文件、数据提供商页面、报告)
Section 8: Example Template Layout
第八部分:示例模板布局
Simple Version (Start here):
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ TECHNOLOGY - COMPARABLE COMPANY ANALYSIS │
│ Microsoft • Alphabet • Amazon │
│ As of Q4 2024 | All figures in USD Millions │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ OPERATING METRICS │
├──────────┬─────────┬─────────┬──────────┬──────────────────┤
│ Company │ Revenue │ Growth │ Gross │ EBITDA │ EBITDA │
│ │ (LTM) │ (YoY) │ Margin │ (LTM) │ Margin │
├──────────┼─────────┼─────────┼──────────┼─────────┼────────┤
│ MSFT │ 261,400 │ 12.3% │ 68.7% │ 205,100 │ 78.4% │
│ GOOGL │ 349,800 │ 11.8% │ 57.9% │ 239,300 │ 68.4% │
│ AMZN │ 638,100 │ 10.5% │ 47.3% │ 152,600 │ 23.9% │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ [blank row]
│ Median │ =MEDIAN │ =MEDIAN │ =MEDIAN │ =MEDIAN │=MEDIAN │
│ 75th % │ =QUART │ =QUART │ =QUART │ =QUART │=QUART │
│ 25th % │ =QUART │ =QUART │ =QUART │ =QUART │=QUART │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ VALUATION MULTIPLES │
├──────────┬──────────┬──────────┬──────────┬────────────────┤
│ Company │ Mkt Cap │ EV │ EV/Rev │ EV/EBITDA │ P/E│
├──────────┼──────────┼──────────┼──────────┼───────────┼────┤
│ MSFT │3,550,000 │3,530,000 │ 13.5x │ 17.2x │36.0│
│ GOOGL │2,030,000 │1,960,000 │ 5.6x │ 8.2x │24.5│
│ AMZN │2,226,000 │2,320,000 │ 3.6x │ 15.2x │58.3│
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ [blank row]
│ Median │ =MEDIAN │ =MEDIAN │ =MEDIAN │ =MEDIAN │=MED│
│ 75th % │ =QUART │ =QUART │ =QUART │ =QUART │=QRT│
│ 25th % │ =QUART │ =QUART │ =QUART │ =QUART │=QRT│
└──────────┴──────────┴──────────┴──────────┴───────────┴────┘Add complexity only when needed:
- Include quarterly AND LTM if seasonality matters
- Add FCF metrics if cash generation is key story
- Include industry-specific metrics (Rule of 40 for SaaS, etc.)
- Add more statistics rows if you have >5 companies
简化版(入门选择):
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ 科技行业 - 可比公司分析 │
│ 微软 • Alphabet • 亚马逊 │
│ 截至2024年第四季度 | 所有数值单位为百万美元 │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ 运营指标 │
├──────────┬─────────┬─────────┬──────────┬──────────────────┤
│ 公司 │ 营收(LTM) │ 增速(同比) │ 毛利率 │ EBITDA(LTM) │ EBITDA利润率 │
├──────────┼─────────┼─────────┼──────────┼─────────┼────────┤
│ MSFT │ 261,400 │ 12.3% │ 68.7% │ 205,100 │ 78.4% │
│ GOOGL │ 349,800 │ 11.8% │ 57.9% │ 239,300 │ 68.4% │
│ AMZN │ 638,100 │ 10.5% │ 47.3% │ 152,600 │ 23.9% │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ [空白行]
│ 中位数 │ =MEDIAN │ =MEDIAN │ =MEDIAN │ =MEDIAN │=MEDIAN │
│ 75分位值 │ =QUART │ =QUART │ =QUART │ =QUART │=QUART │
│ 25分位值 │ =QUART │ =QUART │ =QUART │ =QUART │=QUART │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ 估值倍数 │
├──────────┬──────────┬──────────┬──────────┬────────────────┤
│ 公司 │ 市值 │ 企业价值 │ EV/营收 │ EV/EBITDA │ 市盈率 │
├──────────┼──────────┼──────────┼──────────┼───────────┼────┤
│ MSFT │3,550,000 │3,530,000 │ 13.5x │ 17.2x │36.0│
│ GOOGL │2,030,000 │1,960,000 │ 5.6x │ 8.2x │24.5│
│ AMZN │2,226,000 │2,320,000 │ 3.6x │ 15.2x │58.3│
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ [空白行]
│ 中位数 │ =MEDIAN │ =MEDIAN │ =MEDIAN │ =MEDIAN │=MED│
│ 75分位值 │ =QUART │ =QUART │ =QUART │ =QUART │=QRT│
│ 25分位值 │ =QUART │ =QUART │ =QUART │ =QUART │=QRT│
└──────────┴──────────┴──────────┴──────────┴───────────┴────┘仅在需要时增加复杂度:
- 如果季节因素影响较大,同时包含季度和LTM数据
- 如果现金生成是核心逻辑,添加自由现金流相关指标
- 包含行业特定指标(例如SaaS的40%法则等)
- 如果公司数量超过5家,添加更多统计行
Section 9: Industry-Specific Additions (Optional)
第九部分:特定行业补充项(可选)
Only add these if they're critical to your analysis. Most comps work fine with just core metrics.
Software/SaaS:
Add if relevant: ARR, Net Dollar Retention, Rule of 40
Financial Services:
Add if relevant: ROE, Net Interest Margin, Efficiency Ratio
E-commerce:
Add if relevant: GMV, Take Rate, Active Buyers
Healthcare:
Add if relevant: R&D/Revenue, Pipeline Value, Patent Timeline
Manufacturing:
Add if relevant: Asset Turnover, Inventory Turns, Backlog
仅当这些内容对分析至关重要时才添加。大多数可比分析仅用核心指标即可正常运行。
软件/SaaS:
相关时添加:ARR、净美元留存率、40%法则
金融服务:
相关时添加:净资产收益率、净息差、效率比率
电商:
相关时添加:GMV、抽成率、活跃买家
医疗健康:
相关时添加:研发/营收、管线价值、专利 timeline
制造业:
相关时添加:资产周转率、库存周转率、未交付订单
Section 10: Red Flags & Warning Signs
第十部分:风险信号与警告标识
Data Quality Issues
数据质量问题
🚩 Inconsistent time periods (mixing quarterly and annual)
🚩 Missing data without explanation
🚩 Significant differences between data sources (>10% variance)
🚩 Missing data without explanation
🚩 Significant differences between data sources (>10% variance)
🚩 时间周期不一致(混用季度和年度数据)
🚩 缺失数据未做说明
🚩 不同数据源之间差异显著(差异超过10%)
Valuation Red Flags
估值风险信号
🚩 Negative EBITDA companies being valued on EBITDA multiples (use revenue multiples instead)
🚩 P/E ratios >100x without hypergrowth story
🚩 Margins that don't make sense for the industry
🚩 P/E ratios >100x without hypergrowth story
🚩 Margins that don't make sense for the industry
🚩 负EBITDA的公司用EBITDA倍数估值(应改用营收倍数)
🚩 市盈率超过100x但没有超高增长逻辑支撑
🚩 利润率不符合行业常规水平
Comparability Issues
可比性问题
🚩 Different fiscal year ends (causes timing problems)
🚩ixing pure-play and conglomerates
🚩 Materially different business models labeled as "comps"
🚩ixing pure-play and conglomerates
🚩 Materially different business models labeled as "comps"
When in doubt, exclude the company. Better to have 3 perfect comps than 6 questionable ones.
🚩 财年结束时间不同(导致时间差问题)
🚩 混用纯业务公司和集团公司
🚩 商业模式存在本质差异的公司被标注为“可比公司”
存在疑问时,请剔除该公司。 3个完美的可比公司好过6个有疑问的可比公司。
Section 11: Formulas Reference Guide
第十一部分:公式参考指南
Essential Excel Formulas
必备Excel公式
excel
// Statistical Functions
=AVERAGE(range) // Simple mean
=MEDIAN(range) // Middle value
=QUARTILE(range, 1) // 25th percentile
=QUARTILE(range, 3) // 75th percentile
=MAX(range) // Maximum value
=MIN(range) // Minimum value
=STDEV.P(range) // Standard deviation
// Financial Calculations
=B7/C7 // Simple ratio (Margin)
=SUM(B7:B9)/3 // Average of multiple companies
=IF(B7>0, C7/B7, "N/A") // Conditional calculation
=IFERROR(C7/D7, 0) // Handle divide by zero
// Cross-Sheet References
='Sheet1'!B7 // Reference another sheet
=VLOOKUP(A7, Table1, 2) // Lookup from data table
=INDEX(MATCH()) // Advanced lookup
// Formatting
=TEXT(B7, "0.0%") // Format as percentage
=TEXT(C7, "#,##0") // Thousands separatorexcel
// 统计函数
=AVERAGE(range) // 简单平均值
=MEDIAN(range) // 中位数
=QUARTILE(range, 1) // 25分位值
=QUARTILE(range, 3) // 75分位值
=MAX(range) // 最大值
=MIN(range) // 最小值
=STDEV.P(range) // 标准差
// 财务计算
=B7/C7 // 简单比率(利润率)
=SUM(B7:B9)/3 // 多家公司的平均值
=IF(B7>0, C7/B7, "N/A") // 条件计算
=IFERROR(C7/D7, 0) // 处理除以零错误
// 跨表引用
='Sheet1'!B7 // 引用其他工作表
=VLOOKUP(A7, Table1, 2) // 从数据表查询
=INDEX(MATCH()) // 高级查询
// 格式化
=TEXT(B7, "0.0%") // 格式化为百分比
=TEXT(C7, "#,##0") // 千位分隔符Common Ratio Formulas
常见比率公式
excel
Gross Margin = Gross Profit / Revenue
EBITDA Margin = EBITDA / Revenue
FCF Margin = Free Cash Flow / Revenue
FCF Conversion = FCF / Operating Cash Flow
ROE = Net Income / Shareholders' Equity
ROA = Net Income / Total Assets
Asset Turnover = Revenue / Total Assets
Debt/Equity = Total Debt / Shareholders' Equityexcel
毛利率 = 毛利润 / 营收
EBITDA利润率 = EBITDA / 营收
自由现金流利润率 = 自由现金流 / 营收
自由现金流转化率 = 自由现金流 / 运营现金流
净资产收益率 = 净利润 / 股东权益
总资产收益率 = 净利润 / 总资产
资产周转率 = 营收 / 总资产
资产负债率 = 总负债 / 股东权益Key Principles Summary
核心原则总结
- Structure drives insight - Right headers force right thinking
- Less is more - 5-10 metrics that matter beat 20 that don't
- Choose metrics for your question - Valuation analysis ≠ efficiency analysis
- Statistics show patterns - Median/quartiles reveal more than average
- Transparency beats complexity - Simple formulas everyone understands
- Comparability is king - Better to exclude than force a bad comp
- Document your choices - Explain which metrics and why in notes section
- 结构驱动洞察 - 合理的表头引导正确的思考
- 少即是多 - 5-10个核心指标好过20个无关指标
- 根据问题选择指标 - 估值分析≠效率分析
- 统计展示规律 - 中位数/分位值比平均值揭示更多信息
- 透明优于复杂 - 所有人都能理解的简单公式最好
- 可比性是核心 - 宁可剔除也不要强行纳入不合适的可比公司
- 记录你的选择 - 在注释部分说明选择哪些指标以及原因
Output Checklist
输出检查清单
Before delivering a comp analysis, verify:
- All companies are truly comparable
- Data is from consistent time periods
- Units are clearly labeled (millions/billions)
- Formulas reference cells, not hardcoded values
- All hard-coded input cells have comments with either: (1) exact data source with citation, OR (2) clear assumption with explanation
- Hyperlinks added where relevant (SEC EDGAR filings, Bloomberg pages, research reports)
- Statistics include at least 5 metrics (Max, 75th, Med, 25th, Min)
- Notes section documents sources and methodology
- Visual formatting follows conventions (blue = input, black = formula)
- Sanity checks pass (margins logical, multiples reasonable)
- Date stamp is current ("As of [Date]")
- Formula auditing shows no errors (#DIV/0!, #REF!, #N/A)
交付可比分析前,请验证:
- 所有公司真正可比
- 数据来自一致的时间周期
- 单位标注清晰(百万/十亿)
- 公式引用单元格,而非硬编码值
- 所有硬编码输入单元格都有注释,包含:(1) 带引用的准确数据源,或(2) 清晰的假设说明
- 相关场景下添加了超链接(SEC EDGAR文件、Bloomberg页面、研究报告)
- 统计数据至少包含5个指标(最大值、75分位值、中位数、25分位值、最小值)
- 注释部分记录了数据源和方法论
- 视觉格式遵循规范(蓝色=输入项,黑色=公式)
- 合理性检查通过(利润率符合逻辑、倍数合理)
- 日期戳是最新的(“截至[日期]”)
- 公式审核无错误(#DIV/0!、#REF!、#N/A)
Continuous Improvement
持续优化
After completing a comp analysis, ask:
- Did the statistics reveal unexpected insights?
- Were there any data gaps that limited analysis?
- Did stakeholders ask for metrics you didn't include?
- How long did it take vs. how long should it take?
- What would make this more useful next time?
The best comp analyses evolve with each iteration. Save templates, learn from feedback, and refine the structure based on what decision-makers actually use.
完成可比分析后,请问自己:
- 统计数据是否揭示了意外的洞察?
- 是否存在数据缺口限制了分析?
- 利益相关方是否要求了你没有包含的指标?
- 实际耗时与预期耗时的差异是多少?
- 下次如何优化可以让分析更有用?
最好的可比分析会随着每次迭代不断进化。保存模板,从反馈中学习,根据决策者的实际使用需求优化结构。