comps-analysis
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ChineseComparable Company Analysis
可比公司分析
⚠️ CRITICAL: Data Source Priority (READ FIRST)
⚠️ 重要提示:数据源优先级(请先阅读)
ALWAYS follow this data source hierarchy:
- FIRST: Check for MCP data sources - If S&P Kensho MCP, FactSet MCP, or Daloopa MCP are available, use them exclusively for financial and trading information
- DO NOT use web search if the above MCP data sources are available
- ONLY if MCPs are unavailable: Then use Bloomberg Terminal, SEC EDGAR filings, or other institutional sources
- NEVER use web search as a primary data source - it lacks the accuracy, audit trails, and reliability required for institutional-grade analysis
Why this matters: MCP sources provide verified, institutional-grade data with proper citations. Web search results can be outdated, inaccurate, or unreliable for financial analysis.
请始终遵循以下数据源层级:
- 首选:检查MCP数据源 - 如果有S&P Kensho MCP、FactSet MCP或Daloopa MCP可用,仅使用这些数据源获取财务和交易信息
- 若上述MCP数据源可用,请勿使用网络搜索
- 仅当MCP数据源不可用时: 才可使用Bloomberg Terminal、SEC EDGAR filings或其他机构数据源
- 切勿将网络搜索作为主要数据源 - 其缺乏机构级分析所需的准确性、审计追踪和可靠性
为何如此重要: MCP数据源提供经过验证的机构级数据,并带有适当引用。网络搜索结果可能过时、不准确,或对财务分析不可靠。
Overview
概述
This skill teaches Claude to build institutional-grade comparable company analyses that combine operating metrics, valuation multiples, and statistical benchmarking. The output is a structured Excel/spreadsheet that enables informed investment decisions through peer comparison.
Reference Material & Contextualization:
An example comparable company analysis is provided in . When using this or other example files in this skill directory, use them intelligently:
examples/comps_example.xlsxDO use examples for:
- Understanding structural hierarchy (how sections flow)
- Grasping the level of rigor expected (statistical depth, documentation standards)
- Learning principles (clear headers, transparent formulas, audit trails)
DO NOT use examples for:
- Exact reproduction of format or metrics
- Copying layout without considering context
- Applying the same visual style regardless of audience
ALWAYS ask yourself first:
- "Do you have a preferred format or should I adapt the template style?"
- "Who is the audience?" (Investment committee, board presentation, quick reference, detailed memo)
- "What's the key question?" (Valuation, growth analysis, competitive positioning, efficiency)
- "What's the context?" (M&A evaluation, investment decision, sector benchmarking, performance review)
Adapt based on specifics:
- Industry context: Big tech mega-caps need different metrics than emerging SaaS startups
- Sector-specific needs: Add relevant metrics early (e.g., cloud ARR, enterprise customers, developer ecosystem for tech)
- Company familiarity: Well-known companies may need less background, more focus on delta analysis
- Decision type: M&A requires different emphasis than ongoing portfolio monitoring
Core principle: Use template principles (clear structure, statistical rigor, transparent formulas) but vary execution based on context. The goal is institutional-quality analysis, not institutional-looking templates.
User-provided examples and explicit preferences always take precedence over defaults.
本技能指导Claude构建机构级别的可比公司分析,结合运营指标、估值倍数和统计基准。输出为结构化的Excel/电子表格,可通过同行对比辅助做出明智的投资决策。
参考资料与情境适配:
技能目录中的提供了可比公司分析示例。使用本示例或其他示例文件时,请灵活运用:
examples/comps_example.xlsx可使用示例来:
- 理解结构层级(各部分的逻辑流程)
- 把握预期的严谨程度(统计深度、文档标准)
- 学习原则(清晰的标题、透明的公式、审计追踪)
请勿使用示例来:
- 完全复制格式或指标
- 不考虑情境直接照搬布局
- 无论受众如何都套用相同的视觉风格
请始终先问自己:
- “您是否有偏好的格式,还是我应调整模板风格?”
- “受众是谁?”(投资委员会、董事会演示、快速参考、详细备忘录)
- “核心问题是什么?”(估值、增长分析、竞争定位、效率)
- “情境是什么?”(M&A评估、投资决策、行业基准对比、业绩回顾)
根据具体情况调整:
- 行业情境:大型科技巨头所需的指标与新兴SaaS初创企业不同
- 行业特定需求:尽早添加相关指标(例如,科技行业的云ARR、企业客户、开发者生态)
- 公司熟悉度:知名公司可能无需过多背景介绍,应更关注差异分析
- 决策类型:M&A所需的重点与持续的投资组合监控不同
核心原则: 运用模板原则(清晰结构、统计严谨性、透明公式),但根据情境调整执行方式。目标是打造机构级质量的分析,而非仅形似机构模板。
用户提供的示例和明确偏好始终优先于默认设置。
Core Philosophy
核心理念
"Build the right structure first, then let the data tell the story."
Start with headers that force strategic thinking about what matters, input clean data, build transparent formulas, and let statistics emerge automatically. A good comp should be immediately readable by someone who didn't build it.
“先搭建正确的结构,再让数据讲述故事。”
从能引导战略思考的标题入手,输入干净的数据,构建透明的公式,让统计数据自动呈现。一份优质的可比公司分析报告,即使是未参与构建的人也能立即读懂。
⚠️ CRITICAL: Formulas Over Hardcodes + Step-by-Step Verification
⚠️ 重要提示:优先使用公式而非硬编码 + 分步验证
Environment — Office JS vs Python:
- If running inside Excel (Office Add-in / Office JS): Use Office JS directly (). Write formulas via
Excel.run(async (context) => {...}), notrange.formulas = [["=E7/C7"]]. No separate recalc step — Excel handles it natively. Userange.valuesfor colors/fonts.range.format.* - If generating a standalone .xlsx file: Use Python/openpyxl. Write (formula string).
cell.value = "=E7/C7" - Same principles either way — just translate the API calls.
- Office JS merged cell pitfall: Do NOT call then set
.merge()on the merged range (throws.values— range still reports its pre-merge dimensions). Instead write the value to the top-left cell alone, then merge + format the full range:InvalidArgumentjsws.getRange("A1").values = [["TECHNOLOGY — COMPARABLE COMPANY ANALYSIS"]]; const hdr = ws.getRange("A1:H1"); hdr.merge(); hdr.format.fill.color = "#1F4E79"; hdr.format.font.color = "#FFFFFF"; hdr.format.font.bold = true;
Formulas, not hardcodes:
- Every derived value (margin, multiple, statistic) MUST be an Excel formula referencing input cells — never a pre-computed number pasted in
- When using Python/openpyxl to build the sheet: write (formula string), NOT
cell.value = "=E7/C7"(computed result)cell.value = 0.687 - The only hardcoded values should be raw input data (revenue, EBITDA, share price, etc.) — and every one of those gets a cell comment with its source
- Why: the model must update automatically when an input changes. A hardcoded margin is a silent bug waiting to happen.
Verify step-by-step with the user:
- After setting up the structure → show the user the header layout before filling data
- After entering raw inputs → show the user the input block and confirm sources/periods before building formulas
- After building operating metrics formulas → show the calculated margins and sanity-check with the user before moving to valuation
- After building valuation multiples → show the multiples and confirm they look reasonable before adding statistics
- Do NOT build the entire sheet end-to-end and then present it — catch errors early by confirming each section
环境 — Office JS vs Python:
- 如果在Excel(Office 加载项 / Office JS)中运行: 直接使用Office JS()。通过
Excel.run(async (context) => {...})写入公式,而非range.formulas = [["=E7/C7"]]。无需单独的重新计算步骤——Excel会原生处理。使用range.values设置颜色/字体。range.format.* - 如果生成独立的.xlsx文件: 使用Python/openpyxl。写入(公式字符串)。
cell.value = "=E7/C7" - 两种环境的原则相同——只需转换API调用即可。
- Office JS合并单元格陷阱: 请勿先调用再在合并区域设置
.merge()(会抛出.values错误——区域仍会报告合并前的维度)。应先将值写入左上角单元格,再合并并格式化整个区域:InvalidArgumentjsws.getRange("A1").values = [["TECHNOLOGY — COMPARABLE COMPANY ANALYSIS"]]; const hdr = ws.getRange("A1:H1"); hdr.merge(); hdr.format.fill.color = "#1F4E79"; hdr.format.font.color = "#FFFFFF"; hdr.format.font.bold = true;
优先使用公式,而非硬编码:
- 所有衍生值(利润率、倍数、统计数据)必须是引用输入单元格的Excel公式——绝不能是粘贴的预计算数值
- 使用Python/openpyxl构建表格时:写入(公式字符串),而非
cell.value = "=E7/C7"(计算结果)cell.value = 0.687 - 唯一可硬编码的值应为原始输入数据(收入、EBITDA、股价等)——且每个硬编码值都需添加单元格注释说明来源
- 原因:当输入数据变化时,模型必须能自动更新。硬编码的利润率是潜在的隐性漏洞。
与用户分步验证:
- 搭建好结构后 → 在填充数据前向用户展示标题布局
- 输入原始数据后 → 在构建公式前向用户展示输入模块并确认来源/周期
- 构建运营指标公式后 → 在进入估值环节前向用户展示计算出的利润率并进行合理性检查
- 构建估值倍数后 → 在添加统计数据前向用户展示倍数并确认其合理性
- 请勿一次性构建完整表格后再展示——通过确认每个环节尽早发现错误
Section 1: Document Structure & Setup
第1部分:文档结构与设置
Header Block (Rows 1-3)
标题区块(第1-3行)
Row 1: [ANALYSIS TITLE] - COMPARABLE COMPANY ANALYSIS
Row 2: [List of Companies with Tickers] • [Company 1 (TICK1)] • [Company 2 (TICK2)] • [Company 3 (TICK3)]
Row 3: As of [Period] | All figures in [USD Millions/Billions] except per-share amounts and ratiosWhy this matters: Establishes context immediately. Anyone opening this file knows what they're looking at, when it was created, and how to interpret the numbers.
第1行:[分析标题] - 可比公司分析
第2行:[带股票代码的公司列表] • [公司1(TICK1)] • [公司2(TICK2)] • [公司3(TICK3)]
第3行:截至[周期] | 除每股金额和比率外,所有数据单位为[百万/十亿美元]为何如此重要: 立即明确情境。任何人打开此文件都能清楚了解内容、创建时间以及数据解读方式。
Visual Convention Standards (OPTIONAL - User preferences and uploaded templates always override)
视觉规范标准(可选 - 用户偏好和上传的模板始终优先)
IMPORTANT: These are suggested defaults only. Always prioritize:
- User's explicit formatting preferences
- Formatting from any uploaded template files
- Company/team style guides
- These defaults (only if no other guidance provided)
Suggested Font & Typography:
- Font family: Times New Roman (professional, readable, industry standard)
- Font size: 11pt for data cells, 12pt for headers
- Bold text: Section headers, company names, statistic labels
Default Color & Shading — Professional Blue/Grey Palette (minimal is better):
- Keep it restrained — only blues and greys. Do NOT introduce greens, oranges, reds, or multiple accent colors. A clean comps sheet uses 3-4 colors total.
- Section headers (e.g., "OPERATING STATISTICS & FINANCIAL METRICS"):
- Dark blue background (or
#1F4E79navy)#17365D - White bold text
- Full row shading across all columns
- Dark blue background (
- Column headers (e.g., "Company", "Revenue", "Margin"):
- Light blue background (or similar pale blue)
#D9E1F2 - Black bold text
- Centered alignment
- Light blue background (
- Data rows:
- White background for company data
- Black text for formulas; blue text for hardcoded inputs
- Statistics rows (Maximum, 75th Percentile, etc.):
- Light grey background ()
#F2F2F2 - Black text, left-aligned labels
- Light grey background (
- That's the whole palette: dark blue + light blue + light grey + white. Nothing else unless the user's template says otherwise.
Suggested Formatting Conventions:
- Decimal precision:
- Percentages: 1 decimal (12.3%)
- Multiples: 1 decimal (13.5x)
- Dollar amounts: No decimals, thousands separator (69,632)
- Margins shown as percentages: 1 decimal (68.7%)
- Borders: No borders (clean, minimal appearance)
- Alignment: All metrics center-aligned for clean, uniform appearance
- Cell dimensions: All column widths should be uniform/even, all row heights should be consistent (creates clean, professional grid)
Note: If the user provides a template file or specifies different formatting, use that instead.
重要提示:这些仅为建议默认值。请始终优先遵循:
- 用户明确的格式偏好
- 任何上传模板文件的格式
- 公司/团队的风格指南
- 这些默认值(仅在无其他指导时使用)
建议字体与排版:
- 字体家族:Times New Roman(专业、易读、行业标准)
- 字体大小:数据单元格为11pt,标题为12pt
- 粗体文本:章节标题、公司名称、统计标签
默认配色与底纹 — 专业蓝灰调色板(越少越好):
- 保持克制 — 仅使用蓝色和灰色。请勿使用绿色、橙色、红色或多种强调色。一份简洁的可比公司分析表格最多使用3-4种颜色。
- 章节标题(例如,“运营统计与财务指标”):
- 深蓝色背景(或
#1F4E79藏青色)#17365D - 白色粗体文本
- 整行底纹覆盖所有列
- 深蓝色背景(
- 列标题(例如,“公司”、“收入”、“利润率”):
- 浅蓝色背景(或类似淡蓝色)
#D9E1F2 - 黑色粗体文本
- 居中对齐
- 浅蓝色背景(
- 数据行:
- 公司数据使用白色背景
- 公式使用黑色文本;硬编码输入使用蓝色文本
- 统计行(最大值、75百分位等):
- 浅灰色背景()
#F2F2F2 - 黑色文本,标签左对齐
- 浅灰色背景(
- 完整调色板:深蓝色 + 浅蓝色 + 浅灰色 + 白色。除非用户模板另有说明,否则不使用其他颜色。
建议格式规范:
- 小数精度:
- 百分比:1位小数(12.3%)
- 倍数:1位小数(13.5x)
- 金额:无小数,千位分隔符(69,632)
- 利润率(百分比形式):1位小数(68.7%)
- 边框:无边框(简洁、极简外观)
- 对齐方式:所有指标居中对齐,保持整洁、统一的外观
- 单元格尺寸:所有列宽应统一,所有行高应一致(打造整洁、专业的网格)
注意: 如果用户提供模板文件或指定不同格式,请使用用户提供的设置。
Section 2: Operating Statistics & Financial Metrics
第2部分:运营统计与财务指标
Core Columns (Start with these)
核心列(从这些开始)
- Company - Names with consistent formatting
- Revenue - Size metric (can be LTM, quarterly, or annual depending on context)
- Revenue Growth - Year-over-year percentage change
- Gross Profit - Revenue minus cost of goods sold
- Gross Margin - GP/Revenue (fundamental profitability)
- EBITDA - Earnings before interest, tax, depreciation, amortization
- EBITDA Margin - EBITDA/Revenue (operating efficiency)
- 公司 - 格式统一的公司名称
- 收入 - 规模指标(可根据情境使用LTM、季度或年度数据)
- 收入增长率 - 同比百分比变化
- 毛利润 - 收入减去销货成本
- 毛利率 - 毛利润/收入(核心盈利能力)
- EBITDA - 息税折旧摊销前利润
- EBITDA利润率 - EBITDA/收入(运营效率)
Optional Additions (Choose based on industry/purpose)
可选添加项(根据行业/用途选择)
- Quarterly vs LTM - Include both if seasonality matters
- Free Cash Flow - For capital-intensive or SaaS businesses
- FCF Margin - FCF/Revenue (cash generation efficiency)
- Net Income - For mature, profitable companies
- Operating Income - For businesses with varying D&A
- CapEx metrics - For asset-heavy industries
- Rule of 40 - Specifically for SaaS (Growth % + Margin %)
- FCF Conversion - For quality of earnings analysis (advanced)
- 季度数据 vs LTM数据 - 如果季节性影响较大,可同时包含两者
- 自由现金流(FCF) - 适用于资本密集型或SaaS企业
- FCF利润率 - FCF/收入(现金生成效率)
- 净利润 - 适用于成熟、盈利的公司
- 营业收入 - 适用于折旧摊销金额差异较大的企业
- CapEx指标 - 适用于资产密集型行业
- 40法则 - 专门适用于SaaS(增长率% + 利润率%)
- FCF转化率 - 适用于盈利质量分析(进阶内容)
Formula Examples (Using Row 7 as example)
公式示例(以第7行为例)
excel
// Core ratios - these are always calculated
Gross Margin (F7): =E7/C7
EBITDA Margin (H7): =G7/C7
// Optional ratios - include if relevant
FCF Margin: =[FCF]/[Revenue]
Net Margin: =[Net Income]/[Revenue]
Rule of 40: =[Growth %]+[FCF Margin %]Golden Rule: Every ratio should be [Something] / [Revenue] or [Something] / [Something from this sheet]. Keep it simple.
excel
// 核心比率 - 始终需要计算
毛利率(F7):=E7/C7
EBITDA利润率(H7):=G7/C7
// 可选比率 - 相关时才包含
FCF利润率:=[FCF]/[收入]
净利润率:=[净利润]/[收入]
40法则:=[增长率%]+[FCF利润率%]黄金法则: 每个比率都应为[某指标]/[收入]或[某指标]/[本表中的其他指标]。保持简单。
Statistics Block (After company data)
统计区块(公司数据之后)
CRITICAL: Add statistics formulas for all comparable metrics (ratios, margins, growth rates, multiples).
[Leave one blank row for visual separation]
- Maximum: =MAX(B7:B9)
- 75th Percentile: =QUARTILE(B7:B9,3)
- Median: =MEDIAN(B7:B9)
- 25th Percentile: =QUARTILE(B7:B9,1)
- Minimum: =MIN(B7:B9)Columns that NEED statistics (comparable metrics):
- Revenue Growth %, Gross Margin %, EBITDA Margin %, EPS
- EV/Revenue, EV/EBITDA, P/E, Dividend Yield %, Beta
Columns that DON'T need statistics (size metrics):
- Revenue, EBITDA, Net Income (absolute size varies by company scale)
- Market Cap, Enterprise Value (not comparable across different-sized companies)
Note: Add one blank row between company data and statistics rows for visual separation. Do NOT add a "SECTOR STATISTICS" or "VALUATION STATISTICS" header row.
Why quartiles matter: They show distribution, not just average. A 75th percentile multiple tells you what "premium" companies trade at.
重要提示:为所有可比指标(比率、利润率、增长率、倍数)添加统计公式。
[留一个空行用于视觉分隔]
- 最大值:=MAX(B7:B9)
- 75百分位:=QUARTILE(B7:B9,3)
- 中位数:=MEDIAN(B7:B9)
- 25百分位:=QUARTILE(B7:B9,1)
- 最小值:=MIN(B7:B9)需要统计的列(可比指标):
- 收入增长率%、毛利率%、EBITDA利润率%、每股收益(EPS)
- EV/收入、EV/EBITDA、市盈率(P/E)、股息收益率%、贝塔系数(Beta)
不需要统计的列(规模指标):
- 收入、EBITDA、净利润(绝对规模因公司体量而异)
- 市值、企业价值(不同规模公司之间不具可比性)
注意: 在公司数据和统计行之间留一个空行用于视觉分隔。请勿添加“行业统计”或“估值统计”标题行。
为何百分位很重要: 百分位能展示分布情况,而非仅平均值。75百分位的倍数能告诉你“优质”公司的交易溢价。
Section 3: Valuation Multiples & Investment Metrics
第3部分:估值倍数与投资指标
Core Valuation Columns (Start with these)
核心估值列(从这些开始)
- Company - Same order as operating section
- Market Cap - Current market valuation
- Enterprise Value - Market Cap ± Net Debt/Cash
- EV/Revenue - How much market pays per dollar of sales
- EV/EBITDA - How much market pays per dollar of earnings
- P/E Ratio - Price relative to net earnings
- 公司 - 与运营部分的顺序一致
- 市值 - 当前市场估值
- 企业价值(EV) - 市值 ± 净债务/现金
- EV/收入 - 市场每支付1美元可获得的销售额
- EV/EBITDA - 市场每支付1美元可获得的盈利
- 市盈率(P/E) - 股价与净利润的比率
Optional Valuation Metrics (Choose based on context)
可选估值指标(根据情境选择)
- FCF Yield - FCF/Market Cap (for cash-focused analysis)
- PEG Ratio - P/E/Growth Rate (for growth companies)
- Price/Book - Market value vs. book value (for asset-heavy businesses)
- ROE/ROA - Return metrics (for profitability comparison)
- Revenue/EBITDA CAGR - Historical growth rates (for trend analysis)
- Asset Turnover - Revenue/Assets (for operational efficiency)
- Debt/Equity - Leverage (for capital structure analysis)
Key Principle: Include 3-5 core multiples that matter for your industry. Don't include every possible metric just because you can.
- FCF收益率 - FCF/市值(适用于现金导向的分析)
- PEG比率 - 市盈率/增长率(适用于成长型公司)
- 市净率 - 市值与账面价值的比率(适用于资产密集型企业)
- ROE/ROA - 回报率指标(适用于盈利能力对比)
- 收入/EBITDA复合年增长率(CAGR) - 历史增长率(适用于趋势分析)
- 资产周转率 - 收入/资产(适用于运营效率分析)
- 债务/权益比 - 杠杆率(适用于资本结构分析)
核心原则: 包含3-5个与行业相关的核心倍数。不要仅仅因为能包含就加入所有可能的指标。
Formula Examples
公式示例
excel
// Core multiples - always include these
EV/Revenue: =[Enterprise Value]/[LTM Revenue]
EV/EBITDA: =[Enterprise Value]/[LTM EBITDA]
P/E Ratio: =[Market Cap]/[Net Income]
// Optional multiples - include if data available
FCF Yield: =[LTM FCF]/[Market Cap]
PEG Ratio: =[P/E]/[Growth Rate %]excel
// 核心倍数 - 始终包含
EV/收入:=[企业价值]/[LTM收入]
EV/EBITDA:=[企业价值]/[LTM EBITDA]
市盈率:=[市值]/[净利润]
// 可选倍数 - 有数据时才包含
FCF收益率:=[LTM FCF]/[市值]
PEG比率:=[市盈率]/[增长率%]Cross-Reference Rule
交叉引用规则
CRITICAL: Valuation multiples MUST reference the operating metrics section. Never input the same raw data twice. If revenue is in C7, then EV/Revenue formula should reference C7.
重要提示: 估值倍数必须引用运营指标部分的数据。绝不要重复输入相同的原始数据。如果收入在C7单元格,那么EV/收入公式应引用C7。
Statistics Block
统计区块
Same structure as operating section: Max, 75th, Median, 25th, Min for every metric. Add one blank row for visual separation between company data and statistics. Do NOT add a "VALUATION STATISTICS" header row.
与运营部分结构相同:每个指标都要有最大值、75百分位、中位数、25百分位、最小值。在公司数据和统计行之间留一个空行用于视觉分隔。请勿添加“估值统计”标题行。
Section 4: Notes & Methodology Documentation
第4部分:注释与方法论文档
Required Components
必备组件
Data Sources & Quality:
- Where did the data come from? (S&P Kensho MCP, FactSet MCP, Daloopa MCP, Bloomberg, SEC filings)
- What period does it cover? (Q4 2024, audited figures)
- How was it verified? (Cross-checked against 10-K/10-Q)
- Note: Prioritize MCP data sources (S&P Kensho, FactSet, Daloopa) if available for better accuracy and traceability
Key Definitions:
- EBITDA calculation method (Gross Profit + D&A, or Operating Income + D&A)
- Free Cash Flow formula (Operating CF - CapEx)
- Special metrics explained (Rule of 40, FCF Conversion)
- Time period definitions (LTM, CAGR calculation periods)
Valuation Methodology:
- How was Enterprise Value calculated? (Market Cap + Net Debt)
- What growth rates were used? (Historical CAGR, forward estimates)
- Any adjustments made? (One-time items excluded, normalized margins)
Analysis Framework:
- What's the investment thesis? (Cloud/SaaS efficiency)
- What metrics matter most? (Cash generation, capital efficiency)
- How should readers interpret the statistics? (Quartiles provide context)
数据源与质量:
- 数据来自何处?(S&P Kensho MCP、FactSet MCP、Daloopa MCP、Bloomberg、SEC filings)
- 数据覆盖哪个周期?(2024年第4季度,经审计数据)
- 如何验证数据?(与10-K/10-Q交叉核对)
- 注意:如果有MCP数据源(S&P Kensho、FactSet、Daloopa),请优先使用,以获得更高的准确性和可追溯性
关键定义:
- EBITDA计算方法(毛利润 + 折旧摊销,或营业收入 + 折旧摊销)
- 自由现金流公式(经营现金流 - CapEx)
- 特殊指标说明(40法则、FCF转化率)
- 周期定义(LTM、CAGR计算周期)
估值方法论:
- 企业价值如何计算?(市值 + 净债务)
- 使用了哪些增长率?(历史CAGR、前瞻性预测)
- 进行了哪些调整?(排除一次性项目、标准化利润率)
分析框架:
- 投资 thesis是什么?(云/SaaS效率)
- 哪些指标最重要?(现金生成、资本效率)
- 读者应如何解读统计数据?(百分位提供情境)
Section 5: Choosing the Right Metrics (Decision Framework)
第5部分:选择合适的指标(决策框架)
Start with "What question am I answering?"
从“我要回答什么问题?”入手
"Which company is undervalued?"
→ Focus on: EV/Revenue, EV/EBITDA, P/E, Market Cap
→ Skip: Operational details, growth metrics
"Which company is most efficient?"
→ Focus on: Gross Margin, EBITDA Margin, FCF Margin, Asset Turnover
→ Skip: Size metrics, absolute dollar amounts
"Which company is growing fastest?"
→ Focus on: Revenue Growth %, EBITDA CAGR, User/Customer Growth
→ Skip: Margin metrics, leverage ratios
"Which is the best cash generator?"
→ Focus on: FCF, FCF Margin, FCF Conversion, CapEx intensity
→ Skip: EBITDA, P/E ratios
“哪家公司被低估?”
→ 重点关注:EV/收入、EV/EBITDA、市盈率、市值
→ 忽略:运营细节、增长指标
“哪家公司效率最高?”
→ 重点关注:毛利率、EBITDA利润率、FCF利润率、资产周转率
→ 忽略:规模指标、绝对金额
“哪家公司增长最快?”
→ 重点关注:收入增长率%、EBITDA CAGR、用户/客户增长
→ 忽略:利润率指标、杠杆比率
“哪家公司现金生成能力最强?”
→ 重点关注:FCF、FCF利润率、FCF转化率、CapEx强度
→ 忽略:EBITDA、市盈率
Industry-Specific Metric Selection
行业特定指标选择
Software/SaaS:
Must have: Revenue Growth, Gross Margin, Rule of 40
Optional: ARR, Net Dollar Retention, CAC Payback
Skip: Asset Turnover, Inventory metrics
Manufacturing/Industrials:
Must have: EBITDA Margin, Asset Turnover, CapEx/Revenue
Optional: ROA, Inventory Turns, Backlog
Skip: Rule of 40, SaaS metrics
Financial Services:
Must have: ROE, ROA, Efficiency Ratio, P/E
Optional: Net Interest Margin, Loan Loss Reserves
Skip: Gross Margin, EBITDA (not meaningful for banks)
Retail/E-commerce:
Must have: Revenue Growth, Gross Margin, Inventory Turnover
Optional: Same-Store Sales, Customer Acquisition Cost
Skip: Heavy R&D or CapEx metrics
软件/SaaS:
必备:收入增长率、毛利率、40法则
可选:ARR、净美元留存率、CAC回收期
忽略:资产周转率、库存指标
制造业/工业:
必备:EBITDA利润率、资产周转率、CapEx/收入
可选:ROA、库存周转率、未完成订单量
忽略:40法则、SaaS指标
金融服务:
必备:ROE、ROA、效率比率、市盈率
可选:净息差、贷款损失准备金
忽略:毛利率、EBITDA(对银行无意义)
零售/电商:
必备:收入增长率、毛利率、库存周转率
可选:同店销售额、客户获取成本
忽略:高额研发或CapEx指标
The "5-10 Rule"
“5-10法则”
5 operating metrics - Revenue, Growth, 2-3 margins/efficiency metrics
5 valuation metrics - Market Cap, EV, 3 multiples
= 10 total columns - Enough to tell the story, not so many you lose the thread
If you have more than 15 metrics, you're probably including noise. Edit ruthlessly.
5个运营指标 - 收入、增长率、2-3个利润率/效率指标
5个估值指标 - 市值、EV、3个倍数
= 共10列 - 足以讲述故事,又不会过于繁杂
如果指标超过15个,你可能加入了无关信息。请果断删减。
Section 6: Best Practices & Quality Checks
第6部分:最佳实践与质量检查
Before You Start
开始之前
- Define the peer group - Companies must be truly comparable (similar business model, scale, geography)
- Choose the right period - LTM smooths seasonality; quarterly shows trends
- Standardize units upfront - Millions vs. billions decision affects everything
- Map data sources - Know where each number comes from
- 定义同行组 - 公司必须真正具有可比性(相似的商业模式、规模、地域)
- 选择合适的周期 - LTM数据可平滑季节性;季度数据可展示趋势
- 提前统一单位 - 百万与十亿的选择会影响所有数据
- 梳理数据源 - 明确每个数据的来源
As You Build
构建过程中
-
Input all raw data first - Complete the blue text before writing formulas
-
Add cell comments to ALL hard-coded inputs - Right-click cell → Insert Comment → Document source OR assumptionFor sourced data, cite exactly where it came from:
- Example: "Bloomberg Terminal - MSFT Equity DES, accessed 2024-10-02"
- Example: "Q4 2024 10-K filing, page 42, line item 'Total Revenue'"
- Example: "FactSet consensus estimate as of 2024-10-02"
- Include hyperlinks when possible: Right-click cell → Link → paste URL to SEC filing, data source, or report
For assumptions, explain the reasoning:- Example: "Assumed 15% EBITDA margin based on peer median, company does not disclose"
- Example: "Estimated Enterprise Value as Market Cap + $50M net debt (from Q3 balance sheet, Q4 not yet available)"
- Example: "Forward P/E based on street consensus EPS of $3.45 (average of 12 analyst estimates)"
Why this matters: Enables audit trails, data verification, assumption transparency, and future updates -
Build formulas row by row - Test each calculation before moving on
-
Use absolute references for headers - $C$6 locks the header row
-
Format consistently - Percentages as percentages, not decimals
-
Add conditional formatting - Highlight outliers automatically
-
先输入所有原始数据 - 完成蓝色文本输入后再编写公式
-
为所有硬编码输入添加单元格注释 - 右键单元格 → 插入注释 → 记录来源或假设对于有来源的数据,准确注明出处:
- 示例:“Bloomberg Terminal - MSFT Equity DES,访问时间2024-10-02”
- 示例:“2024年第4季度10-K文件,第42页,'总收入'行项目”
- 示例:“FactSet一致预期,截至2024-10-02”
- 尽可能添加超链接:右键单元格 → 链接 → 粘贴SEC文件、数据源或报告的URL
对于假设,解释推理过程:- 示例:“基于同行中位数假设EBITDA利润率为15%,公司未披露该数据”
- 示例:“企业价值估算为市值 + 5000万美元净债务(来自第3季度资产负债表,第4季度数据尚未公布)”
- 示例:“前瞻性市盈率基于市场一致预期EPS 3.45美元(12位分析师估算的平均值)”
为何如此重要: 实现审计追踪、数据验证、假设透明化和未来更新便利 -
逐行构建公式 - 在进行下一步前测试每个计算
-
对标题使用绝对引用 - $C$6锁定标题行
-
格式保持一致 - 百分比以百分比形式显示,而非小数
-
添加条件格式 - 自动高亮异常值
Sanity Checks
合理性检查
- Margin test: Gross margin > EBITDA margin > Net margin (always true by definition)
- Multiple reasonableness:
- EV/Revenue: typically 0.5-20x (varies widely by industry)
- EV/EBITDA: typically 8-25x (fairly consistent across industries)
- P/E: typically 10-50x (depends on growth rate)
- Growth-multiple correlation: Higher growth usually means higher multiples
- Size-efficiency trade-off: Larger companies often have better margins (scale benefits)
- 利润率测试:毛利率 > EBITDA利润率 > 净利润率(根据定义始终成立)
- 倍数合理性:
- EV/收入:通常为0.5-20倍(因行业差异较大)
- EV/EBITDA:通常为8-25倍(各行业相对一致)
- 市盈率:通常为10-50倍(取决于增长率)
- 增长-倍数相关性:增长率越高,倍数通常越高
- 规模-效率权衡:大型公司通常利润率更高(规模效应)
Common Mistakes to Avoid
需避免的常见错误
❌ Mixing market cap and enterprise value in formulas
❌ Using different time periods for numerator and denominator (LTM vs quarterly)
❌ Hardcoding numbers into formulas instead of cell references
❌ Hard-coded inputs without cell comments citing the source OR explaining the assumption
❌ Missing hyperlinks to SEC filings or data sources when available
❌ Including too many metrics without clear purpose
❌ Including non-comparable companies (different business models)
❌ Using outdated data without disclosure
❌ Calculating averages of percentages incorrectly (should be median)
❌ 在公式中混用市值和企业价值
❌ 分子和分母使用不同的周期(LTM vs 季度)
❌ 在公式中硬编码数字而非引用单元格
❌ 硬编码输入但未添加单元格注释注明来源或解释假设
❌ 有可用资源时未添加SEC文件或数据源的超链接
❌ 加入过多无明确用途的指标
❌ 加入不具可比性的公司(不同商业模式)
❌ 使用过时数据且未披露
❌ 错误计算百分比的平均值(应使用中位数)
Section 6: Advanced Features
第6部分:进阶功能
Dynamic Headers
动态标题
For columns showing calculations, use clear unit labels:
Revenue Growth (YoY) % | EBITDA Margin | FCF Margin | Rule of 40对于显示计算结果的列,使用清晰的单位标签:
收入增长率(YoY)% | EBITDA利润率 | FCF利润率 | 40法则Quartile Analysis Benefits
百分位分析的优势
Instead of just mean/median, quartiles show:
- 75th percentile = "Premium" companies trade here
- Median = Typical market valuation
- 25th percentile = "Discount" territory
This helps answer: "Is our target company trading rich or cheap vs. peers?"
与仅使用均值/中位数不同,百分位能展示:
- 75百分位 = “优质”公司的交易区间
- 中位数 = 典型的市场估值
- 25百分位 = “折价”区间
这有助于回答:“目标公司相对于同行的交易价格是偏高还是偏低?”
Industry-Specific Modifications
行业特定修改
Software/SaaS:
- Add: ARR, Net Dollar Retention, CAC Payback Period
- Emphasize: Rule of 40, FCF margins, gross margins >70%
Healthcare:
- Add: R&D/Revenue, Pipeline value, Regulatory status
- Emphasize: EBITDA margins, growth rates, reimbursement risk
Industrials:
- Add: Backlog, Order book trends, Geographic mix
- Emphasize: ROIC, asset turnover, cyclical adjustments
Consumer:
- Add: Same-store sales, Customer acquisition cost, Brand value
- Emphasize: Revenue growth, gross margins, inventory turns
软件/SaaS:
- 添加:ARR、净美元留存率、CAC回收期
- 重点关注:40法则、FCF利润率、毛利率>70%
医疗健康:
- 添加:研发/收入、管线价值、监管状态
- 重点关注:EBITDA利润率、增长率、报销风险
工业:
- 添加:未完成订单量、订单趋势、地域分布
- 重点关注:投入资本回报率(ROIC)、资产周转率、周期性调整
消费品:
- 添加:同店销售额、客户获取成本、品牌价值
- 重点关注:收入增长率、毛利率、库存周转率
Section 7: Workflow & Practical Tips
第7部分:工作流程与实用技巧
Step-by-Step Process
分步流程
-
Set up structure (30 minutes)
- Create all headers
- Format cells (blue for inputs, black for formulas)
- Lock in units and date references
-
Gather data (60-90 minutes)
- Pull from primary sources (S&P Kensho MCP, FactSet MCP, Daloopa MCP if available; otherwise Bloomberg, SEC)
- Input all raw numbers in blue
- Document sources in notes section
-
Build formulas (30 minutes)
- Start with simple ratios (margins)
- Progress to multiples (EV/Revenue)
- Add cross-checks (do margins make sense?)
-
Add statistics (15 minutes)
- Copy formula structure for all columns
- Verify ranges are correct (B7:B9, not B7:B10)
- Check quartile logic
-
Quality control (30 minutes)
- Run sanity checks
- Verify formula references
- Check for #DIV/0! or #REF! errors
- Compare against known benchmarks
-
Documentation (15 minutes)
- Complete notes section
- Add data sources
- Define methodologies
- Date-stamp the analysis
-
搭建结构(30分钟)
- 创建所有标题
- 设置单元格格式(蓝色为输入,黑色为公式)
- 锁定单位和日期引用
-
收集数据(60-90分钟)
- 从主要数据源获取数据(优先使用S&P Kensho MCP、FactSet MCP、Daloopa MCP;否则使用Bloomberg、SEC)
- 以蓝色输入所有原始数据
- 在注释部分记录来源
-
构建公式(30分钟)
- 从简单比率开始(利润率)
- 逐步构建倍数(EV/收入)
- 添加交叉检查(利润率是否合理?)
-
添加统计数据(15分钟)
- 为所有列复制公式结构
- 验证范围是否正确(B7:B9,而非B7:B10)
- 检查百分位逻辑
-
质量控制(30分钟)
- 进行合理性检查
- 验证公式引用
- 检查是否存在#DIV/0!或#REF!错误
- 与已知基准进行对比
-
文档记录(15分钟)
- 完成注释部分
- 添加数据源
- 定义方法论
- 为分析添加时间戳
Pro Tips
专业技巧
- Save templates: Build once, reuse forever
- Color-code outliers: Conditional formatting for values >2 standard deviations
- Link to source files: Hyperlink to Bloomberg screenshots or SEC filings
- Version control: Save as "Comps_v1_2024-12-15" with clear dating
- Collaborative reviews: Have someone else check your formulas
- 保存模板:构建一次,永久复用
- 为异常值标记颜色:对偏离平均值2个标准差以上的值使用条件格式
- 链接到源文件:超链接到Bloomberg截图或SEC文件
- 版本控制:保存为“Comps_v1_2024-12-15”,清晰标注日期
- 协作审核:请他人检查你的公式
Excel Formatting Checklist (Optional - adapt to user preferences)
Excel格式检查清单(可选 - 根据用户偏好调整)
- Font set to user's preferred style (default: Times New Roman, 11pt data, 12pt headers)
- Section headers formatted per user's template (default: dark blue #17365D with white bold text)
- Column headers formatted per user's template (default: light blue/gray #D9E2F3 with black bold text)
- Statistics rows formatted per user's template (default: light gray #F2F2F2)
- No borders applied (clean, minimal appearance)
- Column widths set to uniform/even width (creates clean, professional appearance)
- Row heights set to consistent height (typically 20-25pt for data rows)
- Numbers formatted with proper decimal precision and thousands separators
- All metrics center-aligned for clean, uniform appearance
- One blank row for separation between company data and statistics rows
- No separate "SECTOR STATISTICS" or "VALUATION STATISTICS" header rows
- Every hard-coded input cell has a comment with either: (1) exact data source, OR (2) assumption explanation
- Hyperlinks added to cells where applicable (SEC filings, data provider pages, reports)
- 字体设置为用户偏好的样式(默认:Times New Roman,数据11pt,标题12pt)
- 章节标题格式符合用户模板(默认:深蓝色#17365D配白色粗体文本)
- 列标题格式符合用户模板(默认:浅蓝/灰色#D9E2F3配黑色粗体文本)
- 统计行格式符合用户模板(默认:浅灰色#F2F2F2)
- Applied no borders (clean, minimal appearance)
- 列宽设置为统一宽度(打造整洁、专业的外观)
- 行高设置为一致高度(数据行通常为20-25pt)
- 数字设置了正确的小数精度和千位分隔符
- 所有指标居中对齐,保持整洁、统一的外观
- 公司数据与统计行之间留一个空行用于分隔
- 无单独的“行业统计”或“估值统计”标题行
- 每个硬编码输入单元格都有注释,要么:(1) 准确注明数据源,要么 (2) 解释假设
- 在适用的单元格添加超链接(SEC文件、数据提供商页面、报告)
Section 8: Example Template Layout
第8部分:示例模板布局
Simple Version (Start here):
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ TECHNOLOGY - COMPARABLE COMPANY ANALYSIS │
│ Microsoft • Alphabet • Amazon │
│ As of Q4 2024 | All figures in USD Millions │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ OPERATING METRICS │
├──────────┬─────────┬─────────┬──────────┬──────────────────┤
│ Company │ Revenue │ Growth │ Gross │ EBITDA │ EBITDA │
│ │ (LTM) │ (YoY) │ Margin │ (LTM) │ Margin │
├──────────┼─────────┼─────────┼──────────┼─────────┼────────┤
│ MSFT │ 261,400 │ 12.3% │ 68.7% │ 205,100 │ 78.4% │
│ GOOGL │ 349,800 │ 11.8% │ 57.9% │ 239,300 │ 68.4% │
│ AMZN │ 638,100 │ 10.5% │ 47.3% │ 152,600 │ 23.9% │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ [blank row]
│ Median │ =MEDIAN │ =MEDIAN │ =MEDIAN │ =MEDIAN │=MEDIAN │
│ 75th % │ =QUART │ =QUART │ =QUART │ =QUART │=QUART │
│ 25th % │ =QUART │ =QUART │ =QUART │ =QUART │=QUART │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ VALUATION MULTIPLES │
├──────────┬──────────┬──────────┬──────────┬────────────────┤
│ Company │ Mkt Cap │ EV │ EV/Rev │ EV/EBITDA │ P/E│
├──────────┼──────────┼──────────┼──────────┼───────────┼────┤
│ MSFT │3,550,000 │3,530,000 │ 13.5x │ 17.2x │36.0│
│ GOOGL │2,030,000 │1,960,000 │ 5.6x │ 8.2x │24.5│
│ AMZN │2,226,000 │2,320,000 │ 3.6x │ 15.2x │58.3│
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ [blank row]
│ Median │ =MEDIAN │ =MEDIAN │ =MEDIAN │ =MEDIAN │=MED│
│ 75th % │ =QUART │ =QUART │ =QUART │ =QUART │=QRT│
│ 25th % │ =QUART │ =QUART │ =QUART │ =QUART │=QRT│
└──────────┴──────────┴──────────┴──────────┴───────────┴────┘Add complexity only when needed:
- Include quarterly AND LTM if seasonality matters
- Add FCF metrics if cash generation is key story
- Include industry-specific metrics (Rule of 40 for SaaS, etc.)
- Add more statistics rows if you have >5 companies
简化版本(从这里开始):
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ 科技行业 - 可比公司分析 │
│ 微软 • 谷歌 • 亚马逊 │
│ 截至2024年第4季度 | 所有数据单位为百万美元 │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ 运营指标 │
├──────────┬─────────┬─────────┬──────────┬──────────────────┤
│ 公司 │ 收入 │ 增长率 │ 毛利率 │ EBITDA │ EBITDA │
│ │(LTM) │(YoY) │ │(LTM) │ 利润率 │
├──────────┼─────────┼─────────┼──────────┼─────────┼────────┤
│ MSFT │ 261,400 │ 12.3% │ 68.7% │ 205,100 │78.4% │
│ GOOGL │ 349,800 │ 11.8% │ 57.9% │ 239,300 │68.4% │
│ AMZN │ 638,100 │ 10.5% │ 47.3% │ 152,600 │23.9% │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ [空行]
│ 中位数 │ =MEDIAN │ =MEDIAN │ =MEDIAN │ =MEDIAN │=MEDIAN │
│ 75百分位 │ =QUART │ =QUART │ =QUART │ =QUART │=QUART │
│ 25百分位 │ =QUART │ =QUART │ =QUART │ =QUART │=QUART │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ 估值倍数 │
├──────────┬──────────┬──────────┬──────────┬────────────────┤
│ 公司 │ 市值 │ EV │ EV/收入 │ EV/EBITDA │ 市盈率│
├──────────┼──────────┼──────────┼──────────┼───────────┼────┤
│ MSFT │3,550,000 │3,530,000 │ 13.5x │ 17.2x │36.0│
│ GOOGL │2,030,000 │1,960,000 │ 5.6x │ 8.2x │24.5│
│ AMZN │2,226,000 │2,320,000 │ 3.6x │ 15.2x │58.3│
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ [空行]
│ 中位数 │ =MEDIAN │ =MEDIAN │ =MEDIAN │ =MEDIAN │=MED│
│ 75百分位 │ =QUART │ =QUART │ =QUART │ =QUART │=QRT│
│ 25百分位 │ =QUART │ =QUART │ =QUART │ =QUART │=QRT│
└──────────┴──────────┴──────────┴──────────┴───────────┴────┘仅在需要时增加复杂度:
- 如果季节性影响较大,同时包含季度和LTM数据
- 如果现金生成是核心故事,添加FCF指标
- 加入行业特定指标(例如SaaS的40法则)
- 如果公司数量超过5家,添加更多统计行
Section 9: Industry-Specific Additions (Optional)
第9部分:行业特定补充(可选)
Only add these if they're critical to your analysis. Most comps work fine with just core metrics.
Software/SaaS:
Add if relevant: ARR, Net Dollar Retention, Rule of 40
Financial Services:
Add if relevant: ROE, Net Interest Margin, Efficiency Ratio
E-commerce:
Add if relevant: GMV, Take Rate, Active Buyers
Healthcare:
Add if relevant: R&D/Revenue, Pipeline Value, Patent Timeline
Manufacturing:
Add if relevant: Asset Turnover, Inventory Turns, Backlog
仅在对分析至关重要时才添加这些指标。大多数可比公司分析使用核心指标即可。
软件/SaaS:
相关时添加:ARR、净美元留存率、40法则
金融服务:
相关时添加:ROE、净息差、效率比率
电商:
相关时添加:GMV、抽成率、活跃买家
医疗健康:
相关时添加:研发/收入、管线价值、专利时间线
制造业:
相关时添加:资产周转率、库存周转率、未完成订单量
Section 10: Red Flags & Warning Signs
第10部分:危险信号与警示
Data Quality Issues
数据质量问题
🚩 Inconsistent time periods (mixing quarterly and annual)
🚩 Missing data without explanation
🚩 Significant differences between data sources (>10% variance)
🚩 Missing data without explanation
🚩 Significant differences between data sources (>10% variance)
🚩 周期不一致(混用季度和年度数据)
🚩 数据缺失且未说明
🚩 不同数据源之间差异显著(>10%偏差)
🚩 数据缺失且未说明
🚩 不同数据源之间差异显著(>10%偏差)
Valuation Red Flags
估值危险信号
🚩 Negative EBITDA companies being valued on EBITDA multiples (use revenue multiples instead)
🚩 P/E ratios >100x without hypergrowth story
🚩 Margins that don't make sense for the industry
🚩 P/E ratios >100x without hypergrowth story
🚩 Margins that don't make sense for the industry
🚩 负EBITDA公司使用EBITDA倍数估值(应使用收入倍数)
🚩 市盈率>100x但无高速增长支撑
🚩 利润率不符合行业常规
🚩 市盈率>100x但无高速增长支撑
🚩 利润率不符合行业常规
Comparability Issues
可比性问题
🚩 Different fiscal year ends (causes timing problems)
🚩ixing pure-play and conglomerates
🚩 Materially different business models labeled as "comps"
🚩ixing pure-play and conglomerates
🚩 Materially different business models labeled as "comps"
When in doubt, exclude the company. Better to have 3 perfect comps than 6 questionable ones.
🚩 不同的财年结束时间(导致时间问题)
🚩 混用纯业务公司和企业集团
🚩 商业模式差异巨大的公司被标记为“可比公司”
🚩 混用纯业务公司和企业集团
🚩 商业模式差异巨大的公司被标记为“可比公司”
如有疑问,请排除该公司。 拥有3家完美的可比公司,胜过6家存疑的公司。
Section 11: Formulas Reference Guide
第11部分:公式参考指南
Essential Excel Formulas
必备Excel公式
excel
// Statistical Functions
=AVERAGE(range) // Simple mean
=MEDIAN(range) // Middle value
=QUARTILE(range, 1) // 25th percentile
=QUARTILE(range, 3) // 75th percentile
=MAX(range) // Maximum value
=MIN(range) // Minimum value
=STDEV.P(range) // Standard deviation
// Financial Calculations
=B7/C7 // Simple ratio (Margin)
=SUM(B7:B9)/3 // Average of multiple companies
=IF(B7>0, C7/B7, "N/A") // Conditional calculation
=IFERROR(C7/D7, 0) // Handle divide by zero
// Cross-Sheet References
='Sheet1'!B7 // Reference another sheet
=VLOOKUP(A7, Table1, 2) // Lookup from data table
=INDEX(MATCH()) // Advanced lookup
// Formatting
=TEXT(B7, "0.0%") // Format as percentage
=TEXT(C7, "#,##0") // Thousands separatorexcel
// 统计函数
=AVERAGE(range) // 简单均值
=MEDIAN(range) // 中位数
=QUARTILE(range, 1) // 25百分位
=QUARTILE(range, 3) // 75百分位
=MAX(range) // 最大值
=MIN(range) // 最小值
=STDEV.P(range // 标准差
// 财务计算
=B7/C7 // 简单比率(利润率)
=SUM(B7:B9)/3 // 多家公司的平均值
=IF(B7>0, C7/B7, "N/A") // 条件计算
=IFERROR(C7/D7, 0) // 处理除零错误
// 跨表引用
='Sheet1'!B7 // 引用其他工作表
=VLOOKUP(A7, Table1, 2) // 从数据表中查找
=INDEX(MATCH()) // 进阶查找
// 格式设置
=TEXT(B7, "0.0%") // 格式化为百分比
=TEXT(C7, "#,##0") // 千位分隔符Common Ratio Formulas
常见比率公式
excel
Gross Margin = Gross Profit / Revenue
EBITDA Margin = EBITDA / Revenue
FCF Margin = Free Cash Flow / Revenue
FCF Conversion = FCF / Operating Cash Flow
ROE = Net Income / Shareholders' Equity
ROA = Net Income / Total Assets
Asset Turnover = Revenue / Total Assets
Debt/Equity = Total Debt / Shareholders' Equityexcel
毛利率 = 毛利润 / 收入
EBITDA利润率 = EBITDA / 收入
FCF利润率 = 自由现金流 / 收入
FCF转化率 = 自由现金流 / 经营现金流
ROE = 净利润 / 股东权益
ROA = 净利润 / 总资产
资产周转率 = 收入 / 总资产
债务/权益比 = 总债务 / 股东权益Key Principles Summary
核心原则总结
- Structure drives insight - Right headers force right thinking
- Less is more - 5-10 metrics that matter beat 20 that don't
- Choose metrics for your question - Valuation analysis ≠ efficiency analysis
- Statistics show patterns - Median/quartiles reveal more than average
- Transparency beats complexity - Simple formulas everyone understands
- Comparability is king - Better to exclude than force a bad comp
- Document your choices - Explain which metrics and why in notes section
- 结构驱动洞察 - 正确的标题引导正确的思考
- 少即是多 - 5-10个关键指标胜过20个无关指标
- 根据问题选择指标 - 估值分析 ≠ 效率分析
- 统计数据展示模式 - 中位数/百分位比平均值更具信息量
- 透明性胜过复杂性 - 使用人人都能理解的简单公式
- 可比性是王道 - 与其强行纳入,不如排除不合适的公司
- 记录你的选择 - 在注释部分说明选择的指标及原因
Output Checklist
输出检查清单
Before delivering a comp analysis, verify:
- All companies are truly comparable
- Data is from consistent time periods
- Units are clearly labeled (millions/billions)
- Formulas reference cells, not hardcoded values
- All hard-coded input cells have comments with either: (1) exact data source with citation, OR (2) clear assumption with explanation
- Hyperlinks added where relevant (SEC EDGAR filings, Bloomberg pages, research reports)
- Statistics include at least 5 metrics (Max, 75th, Med, 25th, Min)
- Notes section documents sources and methodology
- Visual formatting follows conventions (blue = input, black = formula)
- Sanity checks pass (margins logical, multiples reasonable)
- Date stamp is current ("As of [Date]")
- Formula auditing shows no errors (#DIV/0!, #REF!, #N/A)
交付可比公司分析前,请验证:
- 所有公司均真正具有可比性
- 数据来自一致的周期
- 单位已明确标注(百万/十亿)
- 公式引用单元格,而非硬编码值
- 每个硬编码输入单元格都有注释,要么:(1) 准确注明数据源并引用,要么 (2) 清晰解释假设
- 在相关位置添加超链接(SEC EDGAR文件、Bloomberg页面、研究报告)
- 统计数据至少包含5个指标(最大值、75百分位、中位数、25百分位、最小值)
- 注释部分记录了数据源和方法论
- 视觉格式遵循规范(蓝色=输入,黑色=公式)
- 合理性检查通过(利润率符合逻辑,倍数合理)
- 时间戳为当前日期(“截至[日期]”)
- 公式审核无错误(#DIV/0!、#REF!、#N/A)
Continuous Improvement
持续改进
After completing a comp analysis, ask:
- Did the statistics reveal unexpected insights?
- Were there any data gaps that limited analysis?
- Did stakeholders ask for metrics you didn't include?
- How long did it take vs. how long should it take?
- What would make this more useful next time?
The best comp analyses evolve with each iteration. Save templates, learn from feedback, and refine the structure based on what decision-makers actually use.
完成可比公司分析后,请自问:
- 统计数据是否揭示了意外的洞察?
- 是否存在限制分析的数据缺口?
- 利益相关者是否要求了未包含的指标?
- 实际耗时与预期耗时相比如何?
- 下次如何让分析更有用?
最优质的可比公司分析会随着每次迭代不断完善。保存模板,从反馈中学习,根据决策者的实际需求优化结构。