audit-xls
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ChineseAudit Spreadsheet
电子表格审计
Audit formulas and data for accuracy and mistakes. Scope determines depth — from quick formula checks on a selection up to full financial-model integrity audits.
审计公式与数据的准确性,排查问题。审计范围决定检查深度——从对选定区域的快速公式检查,到全面的财务模型完整性审计。
Step 1: Determine scope
步骤1:确定审计范围
If the user already gave a scope, use it. Otherwise ask them:
What scope do you want me to audit?
- selection — just the currently selected range
- sheet — the current active sheet only
- model — the whole workbook, including financial-model integrity checks (BS balance, cash tie-out, roll-forwards, logic sanity)
The model scope is the deepest — use it for DCF, LBO, 3-statement, merger, comps, or any integrated financial model before sending to a client or IC.
若用户已指定范围,则直接使用该范围;否则询问用户:
您希望我以什么范围进行审计?
- 选定区域 —— 仅当前选中的单元格范围
- 当前工作表 —— 仅当前激活的工作表
- 整个模型 —— 整个工作簿,包括财务模型完整性检查(资产负债表(BS)平衡、现金流匹配、数据结转、逻辑合理性验证)
整个模型是最深入的审计范围——适用于DCF、LBO、三表联动(3-statement)、并购(merger)、可比公司分析(comps)或任何集成财务模型,建议在发送给客户或内部同事前使用该范围审计。
Step 2: Formula-level checks (ALL scopes)
步骤2:公式层面检查(所有范围适用)
Run these regardless of scope:
| Check | What to look for |
|---|---|
| Formula errors | |
| Hardcodes inside formulas | |
| Inconsistent formulas | A formula that breaks the pattern of its neighbors in a row/column |
| Off-by-one ranges | |
| Pasted-over formulas | Cell that looks like a formula but is actually a hardcoded value |
| Circular references | Intentional or accidental |
| Broken cross-sheet links | References to cells that moved or were deleted |
| Unit/scale mismatches | Thousands mixed with millions, % stored as whole numbers |
| Hidden rows/tabs | Could contain overrides or stale calculations |
无论选择何种范围,均需执行以下检查:
| 检查项 | 检查内容 |
|---|---|
| 公式错误 | |
| 公式中的硬编码值 | |
| 公式不一致性 | 某单元格公式打破了所在行/列的相邻公式模式 |
| 范围偏移错误 | |
| 被覆盖的公式 | 看似公式的单元格实际为硬编码值 |
| 循环引用 | 有意或无意产生的循环引用 |
| 跨工作表链接失效 | 引用的单元格已移动或被删除 |
| 单位/规模不匹配 | 千位与百万位混合使用、百分比以整数形式存储等 |
| 隐藏行/工作表 | 可能包含覆盖值或过时计算 |
Step 3: Model-integrity checks (MODEL scope only)
步骤3:模型完整性检查(仅“整个模型”范围适用)
If scope is model, identify the model type (DCF / LBO / 3-statement / merger / comps / custom) and run the appropriate integrity checks below.
若审计范围为整个模型,需先确定模型类型(DCF / LBO / 三表联动 / 并购 / 可比公司分析 / 自定义模型),再执行对应完整性检查。
3a. Structural review
3a. 结构评审
| Check | What to look for |
|---|---|
| Input/formula separation | Are inputs clearly separated from calculations? |
| Color convention | Blue=input, black=formula, green=link — or whatever the model uses, applied consistently? |
| Tab flow | Logical order (Assumptions → IS → BS → CF → Valuation)? |
| Date headers | Consistent across all tabs? |
| Units | Consistent (thousands vs millions vs actuals)? |
| 检查项 | 检查内容 |
|---|---|
| 输入与公式分离 | 输入项是否与计算项清晰分离? |
| 颜色约定 | 是否遵循统一的颜色规则(如蓝色=输入项、黑色=公式、绿色=链接)? |
| 工作表顺序 | 是否符合逻辑顺序(假设→利润表(IS)→资产负债表(BS)→现金流量表(CF)→估值)? |
| 日期表头 | 所有工作表的日期表头是否一致? |
| 单位 | 单位是否统一(千位/百万位/实际值)? |
3b. Balance Sheet
3b. 资产负债表(BS)
| Check | Test |
|---|---|
| BS balances | Total Assets = Total Liabilities + Equity (every period) |
| RE rollforward | Prior RE + Net Income − Dividends = Current RE |
| Goodwill/intangibles | Flow from acquisition assumptions (if M&A) |
If BS doesn't balance, quantify the gap per period and trace where it breaks — nothing else matters until this is fixed.
| 检查项 | 验证规则 |
|---|---|
| 资产负债表平衡 | 资产总计=负债总计+所有者权益(每个期间) |
| 留存收益结转 | 上期留存收益+净利润−股利=本期留存收益 |
| 商誉/无形资产 | 若涉及并购,是否与收购假设一致? |
若资产负债表不平衡,需量化每个期间的差额并追踪失衡起始点——在修复此问题前,其他检查结果均不可靠。
3c. Cash Flow Statement
3c. 现金流量表(CF)
| Check | Test |
|---|---|
| Cash tie-out | CF Ending Cash = BS Cash (every period) |
| CF sums | CFO + CFI + CFF = Δ Cash |
| D&A match | D&A on CF = D&A on IS |
| CapEx match | CapEx on CF matches PP&E rollforward on BS |
| WC changes | Signs match BS movements (ΔAR, ΔAP, ΔInventory) |
| 检查项 | 验证规则 |
|---|---|
| 现金流匹配 | 现金流量表期末现金=资产负债表货币资金(每个期间) |
| 现金流求和 | 经营活动现金流(CFO)+投资活动现金流(CFI)+筹资活动现金流(CFF)=现金变动额 |
| 折旧摊销匹配 | 现金流量表中的折旧摊销(D&A)与利润表中的折旧摊销一致 |
| 资本支出匹配 | 现金流量表中的资本支出(CapEx)与资产负债表中的固定资产(PP&E)结转一致 |
| 营运资金变动 | 符号与资产负债表变动一致(应收账款变动ΔAR、应付账款变动ΔAP、存货变动ΔInventory) |
3d. Income Statement
3d. 利润表(IS)
| Check | Test |
|---|---|
| Revenue build | Ties to segment/product detail |
| Tax | Tax expense = Pre-tax income × tax rate (allow for deferred tax adj) |
| Share count | Ties to dilution schedule (options, converts, buybacks) |
| 检查项 | 验证规则 |
|---|---|
| 收入构建 | 是否与细分/产品明细一致? |
| 税费 | 所得税费用=税前利润×税率(允许递延税调整) |
| 股份数量 | 是否与稀释计划表(期权、可转换债券、股票回购)一致? |
3e. Circular references
3e. 循环引用
- Interest → debt balance → cash → interest is a common intentional circ in LBO/3-stmt models
- If intentional: verify iteration toggle exists and works
- If unintentional: trace the loop and flag how to break it
- 利息→债务余额→现金→利息是LBO/三表联动模型中常见的有意循环引用
- 若为有意循环引用:验证迭代开关已开启且正常工作
- 若为无意循环引用:追踪循环路径并标记如何打破循环
3f. Logic & reasonableness
3f. 逻辑与合理性
| Check | Flag if |
|---|---|
| Growth rates | >100% revenue growth without explanation |
| Margins | Outside industry norms |
| Terminal value dominance | TV > ~75% of DCF EV (yellow flag) |
| Hockey-stick | Projections ramp unrealistically in out-years |
| Compounding | EBITDA compounds to absurd $ by Year 10 |
| Edge cases | Model breaks at 0% or negative growth, negative EBITDA, leverage goes negative |
| 检查项 | 标记条件 |
|---|---|
| 增长率 | 营收增长率>100%且无合理解释 |
| 利润率 | 超出行业正常范围 |
| 终值占比过高 | 终值(TV)占DCF企业价值(EV)的比例>~75%(黄色警告) |
| 突增型预测 | 远期预测出现不切实际的增长 |
| 复利异常 | EBITDA到第10年增长至不合理的高额 |
| 极端场景 | 模型在0%或负增长、负EBITDA、杠杆率为负等场景下失效 |
3g. Model-type-specific bugs
3g. 模型类型特定错误
DCF:
- Discount rate applied to wrong period (mid-year vs end-of-year)
- Terminal value not discounted back
- WACC uses book values instead of market values
- FCF includes interest expense (should be unlevered)
- Tax shield double-counted
LBO:
- Debt paydown doesn't match cash sweep mechanics
- PIK interest not accruing to principal
- Management rollover not reflected in returns
- Exit multiple applied to wrong EBITDA (LTM vs NTM)
- Fees/expenses not deducted from Day 1 equity
Merger:
- Accretion/dilution uses wrong share count (pre- vs post-deal)
- Synergies not phased in
- Purchase price allocation doesn't balance
- Foregone interest on cash not included
- Transaction fees not in sources & uses
3-statement:
- Working capital changes have wrong sign
- Depreciation doesn't match PP&E schedule
- Debt maturity schedule doesn't match principal payments
- Dividends exceed net income without explanation
DCF模型:
- 折现率应用于错误期间(年中折现vs年末折现)
- 终值未折现回当期
- WACC使用账面价值而非市场价值
- 自由现金流(FCF)包含利息费用(应为无杠杆自由现金流)
- 税盾被重复计算
LBO模型:
- 债务偿还与现金 sweep 机制不一致
- 应计利息(PIK)未计入本金
- 管理层滚动投资未体现在回报中
- 退出倍数应用于错误的EBITDA(LTM vs NTM)
- 费用未从首日权益中扣除
并购模型:
- 摊薄/增厚计算使用错误的股份数量(交易前vs交易后)
- 协同效应未分阶段实现
- 购买价格分配不平衡
- 未包含现金的机会成本
- 交易费用未纳入资金来源与使用表
三表联动模型:
- 营运资金变动符号错误
- 折旧与固定资产(PP&E)计划表不一致
- 债务到期计划与本金偿还不一致
- 股利超过净利润且无合理解释
Step 4: Report
步骤4:生成报告
Output a findings table:
| # | Sheet | Cell/Range | Severity | Category | Issue | Suggested Fix |
|---|
Severity:
- Critical — wrong output (BS doesn't balance, formula broken, cash doesn't tie)
- Warning — risky (hardcodes, inconsistent formulas, edge-case failures)
- Info — style/best-practice (color coding, layout, naming)
For model scope, prepend a summary line:
Model type: [DCF/LBO/3-stmt/...] — Overall: [Clean / Minor Issues / Major Issues] — [N] critical, [N] warnings, [N] info
Don't change anything without asking — report first, fix on request.
输出发现问题的表格:
| 编号 | 工作表 | 单元格/范围 | 严重程度 | 类别 | 问题描述 | 建议修复方案 |
|---|
严重程度定义:
- Critical(严重) —— 输出结果错误(资产负债表不平衡、公式失效、现金流不匹配)
- Warning(警告) —— 存在风险(硬编码值、公式不一致、极端场景失效)
- Info(信息) —— 风格/最佳实践问题(颜色编码、布局、命名)
若审计范围为整个模型,需在报告开头添加总结行:
模型类型:[DCF/LBO/三表联动/...] —— 整体状态:[无问题 / 轻微问题 / 重大问题] —— 严重问题[N]个、警告问题[N]个、信息提示[N]个
未经询问请勿修改任何内容——先提交报告,根据用户请求再进行修复。
Notes
注意事项
- BS balance first — if it doesn't balance, everything downstream is suspect
- Hardcoded overrides are the #1 source of silent bugs — search aggressively
- Sign convention errors (positive vs negative for cash outflows) are extremely common
- If the model uses VBA macros, note any macro-driven calculations that can't be audited from formulas alone
- 优先检查资产负债表平衡——若不平衡,下游所有计算结果均不可信
- 硬编码覆盖值是隐性错误的首要来源——需重点排查
- 符号约定错误(现金流出的正负号)极为常见
- 若模型使用VBA宏,需标记无法通过公式审计的宏驱动计算