audit-xls

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Chinese

Audit Spreadsheet

电子表格审计

Audit formulas and data for accuracy and mistakes. Scope determines depth — from quick formula checks on a selection up to full financial-model integrity audits.
审计公式与数据的准确性,排查问题。审计范围决定检查深度——从对选定区域的快速公式检查,到全面的财务模型完整性审计。

Step 1: Determine scope

步骤1:确定审计范围

If the user already gave a scope, use it. Otherwise ask them:
What scope do you want me to audit?
  • selection — just the currently selected range
  • sheet — the current active sheet only
  • model — the whole workbook, including financial-model integrity checks (BS balance, cash tie-out, roll-forwards, logic sanity)
The model scope is the deepest — use it for DCF, LBO, 3-statement, merger, comps, or any integrated financial model before sending to a client or IC.

若用户已指定范围,则直接使用该范围;否则询问用户
您希望我以什么范围进行审计?
  • 选定区域 —— 仅当前选中的单元格范围
  • 当前工作表 —— 仅当前激活的工作表
  • 整个模型 —— 整个工作簿,包括财务模型完整性检查(资产负债表(BS)平衡、现金流匹配、数据结转、逻辑合理性验证)
整个模型是最深入的审计范围——适用于DCF、LBO、三表联动(3-statement)、并购(merger)、可比公司分析(comps)或任何集成财务模型,建议在发送给客户或内部同事前使用该范围审计。

Step 2: Formula-level checks (ALL scopes)

步骤2:公式层面检查(所有范围适用)

Run these regardless of scope:
CheckWhat to look for
Formula errors
#REF!
,
#VALUE!
,
#N/A
,
#DIV/0!
,
#NAME?
Hardcodes inside formulas
=A1*1.05
— the
1.05
should be a cell reference
Inconsistent formulasA formula that breaks the pattern of its neighbors in a row/column
Off-by-one ranges
SUM
/
AVERAGE
that misses the first or last row
Pasted-over formulasCell that looks like a formula but is actually a hardcoded value
Circular referencesIntentional or accidental
Broken cross-sheet linksReferences to cells that moved or were deleted
Unit/scale mismatchesThousands mixed with millions, % stored as whole numbers
Hidden rows/tabsCould contain overrides or stale calculations

无论选择何种范围,均需执行以下检查:
检查项检查内容
公式错误
#REF!
#VALUE!
#N/A
#DIV/0!
#NAME?
等错误
公式中的硬编码值
=A1*1.05
——其中
1.05
应为单元格引用
公式不一致性某单元格公式打破了所在行/列的相邻公式模式
范围偏移错误
SUM
/
AVERAGE
等函数遗漏首行或末行
被覆盖的公式看似公式的单元格实际为硬编码值
循环引用有意或无意产生的循环引用
跨工作表链接失效引用的单元格已移动或被删除
单位/规模不匹配千位与百万位混合使用、百分比以整数形式存储等
隐藏行/工作表可能包含覆盖值或过时计算

Step 3: Model-integrity checks (MODEL scope only)

步骤3:模型完整性检查(仅“整个模型”范围适用)

If scope is model, identify the model type (DCF / LBO / 3-statement / merger / comps / custom) and run the appropriate integrity checks below.
若审计范围为整个模型,需先确定模型类型(DCF / LBO / 三表联动 / 并购 / 可比公司分析 / 自定义模型),再执行对应完整性检查。

3a. Structural review

3a. 结构评审

CheckWhat to look for
Input/formula separationAre inputs clearly separated from calculations?
Color conventionBlue=input, black=formula, green=link — or whatever the model uses, applied consistently?
Tab flowLogical order (Assumptions → IS → BS → CF → Valuation)?
Date headersConsistent across all tabs?
UnitsConsistent (thousands vs millions vs actuals)?
检查项检查内容
输入与公式分离输入项是否与计算项清晰分离?
颜色约定是否遵循统一的颜色规则(如蓝色=输入项、黑色=公式、绿色=链接)?
工作表顺序是否符合逻辑顺序(假设→利润表(IS)→资产负债表(BS)→现金流量表(CF)→估值)?
日期表头所有工作表的日期表头是否一致?
单位单位是否统一(千位/百万位/实际值)?

3b. Balance Sheet

3b. 资产负债表(BS)

CheckTest
BS balancesTotal Assets = Total Liabilities + Equity (every period)
RE rollforwardPrior RE + Net Income − Dividends = Current RE
Goodwill/intangiblesFlow from acquisition assumptions (if M&A)
If BS doesn't balance, quantify the gap per period and trace where it breaks — nothing else matters until this is fixed.
检查项验证规则
资产负债表平衡资产总计=负债总计+所有者权益(每个期间)
留存收益结转上期留存收益+净利润−股利=本期留存收益
商誉/无形资产若涉及并购,是否与收购假设一致?
若资产负债表不平衡,需量化每个期间的差额并追踪失衡起始点——在修复此问题前,其他检查结果均不可靠。

3c. Cash Flow Statement

3c. 现金流量表(CF)

CheckTest
Cash tie-outCF Ending Cash = BS Cash (every period)
CF sumsCFO + CFI + CFF = Δ Cash
D&A matchD&A on CF = D&A on IS
CapEx matchCapEx on CF matches PP&E rollforward on BS
WC changesSigns match BS movements (ΔAR, ΔAP, ΔInventory)
检查项验证规则
现金流匹配现金流量表期末现金=资产负债表货币资金(每个期间)
现金流求和经营活动现金流(CFO)+投资活动现金流(CFI)+筹资活动现金流(CFF)=现金变动额
折旧摊销匹配现金流量表中的折旧摊销(D&A)与利润表中的折旧摊销一致
资本支出匹配现金流量表中的资本支出(CapEx)与资产负债表中的固定资产(PP&E)结转一致
营运资金变动符号与资产负债表变动一致(应收账款变动ΔAR、应付账款变动ΔAP、存货变动ΔInventory)

3d. Income Statement

3d. 利润表(IS)

CheckTest
Revenue buildTies to segment/product detail
TaxTax expense = Pre-tax income × tax rate (allow for deferred tax adj)
Share countTies to dilution schedule (options, converts, buybacks)
检查项验证规则
收入构建是否与细分/产品明细一致?
税费所得税费用=税前利润×税率(允许递延税调整)
股份数量是否与稀释计划表(期权、可转换债券、股票回购)一致?

3e. Circular references

3e. 循环引用

  • Interest → debt balance → cash → interest is a common intentional circ in LBO/3-stmt models
  • If intentional: verify iteration toggle exists and works
  • If unintentional: trace the loop and flag how to break it
  • 利息→债务余额→现金→利息是LBO/三表联动模型中常见的有意循环引用
  • 若为有意循环引用:验证迭代开关已开启且正常工作
  • 若为无意循环引用:追踪循环路径并标记如何打破循环

3f. Logic & reasonableness

3f. 逻辑与合理性

CheckFlag if
Growth rates>100% revenue growth without explanation
MarginsOutside industry norms
Terminal value dominanceTV > ~75% of DCF EV (yellow flag)
Hockey-stickProjections ramp unrealistically in out-years
CompoundingEBITDA compounds to absurd $ by Year 10
Edge casesModel breaks at 0% or negative growth, negative EBITDA, leverage goes negative
检查项标记条件
增长率营收增长率>100%且无合理解释
利润率超出行业正常范围
终值占比过高终值(TV)占DCF企业价值(EV)的比例>~75%(黄色警告)
突增型预测远期预测出现不切实际的增长
复利异常EBITDA到第10年增长至不合理的高额
极端场景模型在0%或负增长、负EBITDA、杠杆率为负等场景下失效

3g. Model-type-specific bugs

3g. 模型类型特定错误

DCF:
  • Discount rate applied to wrong period (mid-year vs end-of-year)
  • Terminal value not discounted back
  • WACC uses book values instead of market values
  • FCF includes interest expense (should be unlevered)
  • Tax shield double-counted
LBO:
  • Debt paydown doesn't match cash sweep mechanics
  • PIK interest not accruing to principal
  • Management rollover not reflected in returns
  • Exit multiple applied to wrong EBITDA (LTM vs NTM)
  • Fees/expenses not deducted from Day 1 equity
Merger:
  • Accretion/dilution uses wrong share count (pre- vs post-deal)
  • Synergies not phased in
  • Purchase price allocation doesn't balance
  • Foregone interest on cash not included
  • Transaction fees not in sources & uses
3-statement:
  • Working capital changes have wrong sign
  • Depreciation doesn't match PP&E schedule
  • Debt maturity schedule doesn't match principal payments
  • Dividends exceed net income without explanation

DCF模型:
  • 折现率应用于错误期间(年中折现vs年末折现)
  • 终值未折现回当期
  • WACC使用账面价值而非市场价值
  • 自由现金流(FCF)包含利息费用(应为无杠杆自由现金流)
  • 税盾被重复计算
LBO模型:
  • 债务偿还与现金 sweep 机制不一致
  • 应计利息(PIK)未计入本金
  • 管理层滚动投资未体现在回报中
  • 退出倍数应用于错误的EBITDA(LTM vs NTM)
  • 费用未从首日权益中扣除
并购模型:
  • 摊薄/增厚计算使用错误的股份数量(交易前vs交易后)
  • 协同效应未分阶段实现
  • 购买价格分配不平衡
  • 未包含现金的机会成本
  • 交易费用未纳入资金来源与使用表
三表联动模型:
  • 营运资金变动符号错误
  • 折旧与固定资产(PP&E)计划表不一致
  • 债务到期计划与本金偿还不一致
  • 股利超过净利润且无合理解释

Step 4: Report

步骤4:生成报告

Output a findings table:
#SheetCell/RangeSeverityCategoryIssueSuggested Fix
Severity:
  • Critical — wrong output (BS doesn't balance, formula broken, cash doesn't tie)
  • Warning — risky (hardcodes, inconsistent formulas, edge-case failures)
  • Info — style/best-practice (color coding, layout, naming)
For model scope, prepend a summary line:
Model type: [DCF/LBO/3-stmt/...] — Overall: [Clean / Minor Issues / Major Issues] — [N] critical, [N] warnings, [N] info
Don't change anything without asking — report first, fix on request.

输出发现问题的表格:
编号工作表单元格/范围严重程度类别问题描述建议修复方案
严重程度定义:
  • Critical(严重) —— 输出结果错误(资产负债表不平衡、公式失效、现金流不匹配)
  • Warning(警告) —— 存在风险(硬编码值、公式不一致、极端场景失效)
  • Info(信息) —— 风格/最佳实践问题(颜色编码、布局、命名)
若审计范围为整个模型,需在报告开头添加总结行:
模型类型:[DCF/LBO/三表联动/...] —— 整体状态:[无问题 / 轻微问题 / 重大问题] —— 严重问题[N]个、警告问题[N]个、信息提示[N]个
未经询问请勿修改任何内容——先提交报告,根据用户请求再进行修复。

Notes

注意事项

  • BS balance first — if it doesn't balance, everything downstream is suspect
  • Hardcoded overrides are the #1 source of silent bugs — search aggressively
  • Sign convention errors (positive vs negative for cash outflows) are extremely common
  • If the model uses VBA macros, note any macro-driven calculations that can't be audited from formulas alone
  • 优先检查资产负债表平衡——若不平衡,下游所有计算结果均不可信
  • 硬编码覆盖值是隐性错误的首要来源——需重点排查
  • 符号约定错误(现金流出的正负号)极为常见
  • 若模型使用VBA宏,需标记无法通过公式审计的宏驱动计算