cats-mtl-typed-errors

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Define a domain error type; it may or may not extend Throwable depending on context.
Use Cats MTL
```
Raise[F, E]
```
in functions that can raise errors.
Use
```
Handle.allow
```
/
```
rescue
```
(Scala 3) or
```
Handle.allowF
```
(Scala 2) to introduce a scoped error capability and handle it like try/catch.
Prefer Cats MTL over
```
IO[Either[E, A]]
```
and avoid
```
EitherT[IO, E, A]
```
; pure functions returning
```
Either[E, A]
```
are fine at API boundaries.
```
F[_]
```
is optional: you can write
```
IO
```
-specific code or keep
```
F[_]
```
for polymorphism, depending on the project.

Model domain errors as sealed ADTs (Scala 2) or enums (Scala 3)
For effectful code that can raise errors, require
```
Raise[F, E]
```
(and
```
Monad[F]
```
or
```
Applicative[F]
```
).
Raise errors with
```
.raise
```
and return successful values with
```
pure
```
.
At a boundary, use
```
Handle.allow
```
(Scala 3) or
```
Handle.allowF
```
(Scala 2) to create a scope where raises are valid.
Close the scope with
```
.rescue
```
to handle each error case explicitly.
Keep Cats Effect resource and concurrency semantics intact by staying in the monofunctor error channel.

Typed errors in signatures: treat the error type parameter
```
E
```
as the checked-exception channel in the function signature.
Scoped error capabilities: require
```
Raise[F, E]
```
in functions that can fail; use
```
Handle[F, E]
```
when you also need to recover.
Scala 3 ergonomics: prefer
```
using
```
and context functions with
```
allow
```
; type inference is significantly better.
Scala 2 compatibility: use
```
allowF
```
and explicit implicit parameters; expect more braces and explicit types.
Interop with pure code: use pure
```
Either[E, A]
```
for parsing/validation and lift into
```
F
```
where needed.
Avoid transformer stacks: do not reach for
```
EitherT
```
just to get a typed error channel; Cats MTL provides the capability without the stack.
Avoid sealed-on-sealed inheritance: model error hierarchies with composition (wrapper case classes), not sealed inheritance chains.

Load
```
references/custom-error-types.md
```
for detailed guidance, Scala 2/3 syntax, and rationale from the Typelevel article.

加载
```
references/custom-error-types.md
```
以获取详细指南、Scala 2/3语法示例，以及Typelevel文章中的设计原理。