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ChineseCountry: United Kingdom
国家:英国
Architectural code and regulatory reference for projects in England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Activate this skill on any UK reference, GBP currency, mention of "Approved Document"/"AD-B"/"Part L"/"Part M", BSI/British Standard, BS 8300, Building Safety Act, BSR, Grenfell-related cladding queries, NPPF, London Plan, EPC/SAP/SBEM, BREEAM, RIBA Plan of Work (UK-flavoured), MEES, or LABC.
适用于英格兰、威尔士、苏格兰和北爱尔兰项目的建筑规范与监管参考资料。当涉及任何英国相关参考、英镑货币、提及“Approved Document”/“AD-B”/“Part L”/“Part M”、BSI/英国标准、BS 8300、建筑安全法案、BSR、格伦费尔相关覆层问题、NPPF、伦敦规划、EPC/SAP/SBEM、BREEAM、RIBA工作计划(英国版本)、MEES或LABC时,可激活此Skill。
1. Regulatory Hierarchy
1. 监管层级
UK is Archetype C (Federal Framework + Devolved Administrations). Each of the four nations has its own regulatory regime, though they share substantial common ground.
英国属于C类模式(联邦框架 + 权力下放政府)。四个构成国各自拥有监管体系,但存在大量共通之处。
1.1 Authority Stack
1.1 管理机构层级
ENGLAND (post Building Safety Act 2022)
Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities (DLUHC, renamed MHCLG 2024) -- policy
Building Safety Regulator (BSR, within HSE) -- Higher-Risk Buildings (HRB) since Oct 2023
Local Authority Building Control (LABC) -- local council building control
Approved Inspectors (private competitive choice since 1985) -- now "Registered Building Inspectors" under BSA 2022
Local Planning Authority (LPA) -- planning permission separate from building control
Fire and Rescue Authority -- statutory consultee under Fire Safety Order 2005
Environment Agency -- flood + water
Historic England + Conservation Officer (if listed/heritage)
Highways Authority
WALES
Welsh Government (Cardiff) -- separate Building Regulations + Approved Documents (largely
mirror England with divergence post-2018)
Local Authority Building Control + private Approved Inspectors
SCOTLAND
Scottish Government -- Building (Scotland) Regulations 2004 + Scottish Technical Handbooks
(Domestic + Non-Domestic), updated regularly
Local Authority Building Standards -- building warrant + completion certificate system
Verifier (LA building standards officer)
NORTHERN IRELAND
Department of Finance (NI) -- Building Regulations (NI) 2012 + Technical Booklets
District Council Building Control (e.g., Belfast, Derry, Lisburn)ENGLAND (post Building Safety Act 2022)
Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities (DLUHC, renamed MHCLG 2024) -- policy
Building Safety Regulator (BSR, within HSE) -- Higher-Risk Buildings (HRB) since Oct 2023
Local Authority Building Control (LABC) -- local council building control
Approved Inspectors (private competitive choice since 1985) -- now "Registered Building Inspectors" under BSA 2022
Local Planning Authority (LPA) -- planning permission separate from building control
Fire and Rescue Authority -- statutory consultee under Fire Safety Order 2005
Environment Agency -- flood + water
Historic England + Conservation Officer (if listed/heritage)
Highways Authority
WALES
Welsh Government (Cardiff) -- separate Building Regulations + Approved Documents (largely
mirror England with divergence post-2018)
Local Authority Building Control + private Approved Inspectors
SCOTLAND
Scottish Government -- Building (Scotland) Regulations 2004 + Scottish Technical Handbooks
(Domestic + Non-Domestic), updated regularly
Local Authority Building Standards -- building warrant + completion certificate system
Verifier (LA building standards officer)
NORTHERN IRELAND
Department of Finance (NI) -- Building Regulations (NI) 2012 + Technical Booklets
District Council Building Control (e.g., Belfast, Derry, Lisburn)1.2 Building Safety Act 2022 (England) -- Major Reform
1.2 英格兰《2022年建筑安全法案》——重大改革
Following the 2017 Grenfell Tower fire, the UK enacted the Building Safety Act 2022 (BSA 2022). Key changes effective from 2023:
- Building Safety Regulator (BSR) created within HSE -- regulates "occupation" + "construction" of Higher-Risk Buildings (HRB)
- Higher-Risk Building (HRB) definition: ≥18 m height OR ≥7 storeys AND contains ≥2 residential units. Hospitals + care homes during design+construction. Some non-residential captured.
- Three Gateways: Gateway 1 (planning -- fire statement); Gateway 2 (pre-construction -- BSR approval); Gateway 3 (occupation -- BSR approval)
- Golden Thread of information -- digital, accessible, version-controlled, mandated for HRBs
- Accountable Person + Principal Accountable Person -- duty holder regime for occupied HRB
- Resident Engagement Strategy mandatory
- Mandatory Occurrence Reporting (MOR) -- safety occurrences reported to BSR
- Safety Case Report -- demonstrates HRB safety, regularly updated
- New Homes Ombudsman -- consumer redress for new homes
2017年格伦费尔塔火灾后,英国颁布了**《2022年建筑安全法案》(BSA 2022)**。2023年起生效的核心变更包括:
- 在HSE下设建筑安全监管局(BSR)——负责监管高风险建筑(HRB)的“使用”与“建造”阶段
- 高风险建筑(HRB)定义:高度≥18米 或 ≥7层 且包含≥2个住宅单元。医院与护理院在设计和建造阶段也纳入范畴,部分非住宅建筑同样适用。
- 三大网关:网关1(规划阶段——消防声明);网关2(施工前——BSR审批);网关3(投入使用——BSR审批)
- 黄金线程(Golden Thread)信息:HRB必须建立数字化、可访问、版本受控的信息链
- 责任人 + 主要责任人:已投入使用的HRB需建立职责持有人体系
- 强制制定居民参与策略
- 强制事件报告(MOR):安全事件需向BSR报告
- 安全案例报告:证明HRB的安全性,需定期更新
- 新住宅监察员:为新建住宅提供消费者权益救济渠道
1.3 Code Adoption Status by Nation (current 2024-2025)
1.3 各构成国规范采用情况(2024-2025年当前版本)
| Nation | Primary Code | Energy AD | Fire AD | Accessibility AD |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| England | Building Regulations 2010 + ADs A-S | AD-L Vol 1 (2021) + Vol 2 (2021) -- moving to Future Homes Standard / Future Buildings Standard 2025 | AD-B Vol 1 (2019, amended 2022, 2023) + Vol 2 (2019, amended 2022) | AD-M Vol 1 (2015 + 2024 amendments) + Vol 2 (2015) + BS 8300-1/-2:2018 |
| Wales | Building Regulations 2010 (Welsh) + Welsh ADs | AD-L (Welsh, divergent from England 2022+) | AD-B (Welsh) | AD-M (Welsh) |
| Scotland | Building (Scotland) Regulations 2004 + Scottish Technical Handbook (Domestic + Non-Domestic) 2023 edition | Section 6 Energy of Tech Handbooks 2023 + Standard 6.1-6.9 | Section 2 Fire of Tech Handbooks | Section 4 Safety of Tech Handbooks + Equality Act 2010 |
| Northern Ireland | Building Regulations (NI) 2012 + Technical Booklets A-V | Technical Booklet F1/F2 | Technical Booklet E | Technical Booklet R |
| 国家 | 核心法规 | 能源类AD | 消防类AD | 无障碍类AD |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 英格兰 | 2010年《建筑法规》 + A-S系列AD | AD-L 第1卷(2021)+ 第2卷(2021)——将过渡至2025年未来住宅标准/未来建筑标准 | AD-B 第1卷(2019,2022、2023年修订)+ 第2卷(2019,2022年修订) | AD-M 第1卷(2015 + 2024年修订)+ 第2卷(2015)+ BS 8300-1/-2:2018 |
| 威尔士 | 2010年威尔士《建筑法规》 + 威尔士版AD | AD-L(威尔士版,2022年起与英格兰出现差异) | AD-B(威尔士版) | AD-M(威尔士版) |
| 苏格兰 | 《2004年苏格兰建筑法规》 + 苏格兰技术手册(住宅 + 非住宅)2023版 | 技术手册第6节 能源 + 标准6.1-6.9 | 技术手册第2节 消防 | 技术手册第4节 安全 + 2010年《平等法案》 |
| 北爱尔兰 | 《2012年北爱尔兰建筑法规》 + 技术手册A-V | 技术手册F1/F2 | 技术手册E | 技术手册R |
2. England Building Regulations 2010 + Approved Documents
2. 英格兰2010年《建筑法规》 + Approved Documents
2.1 Approved Documents Map
2.1 Approved Documents 一览
| AD | Topic | Latest Edition |
|---|---|---|
| AD-A | Structure | 2013 (with 2010 + 2013 amendments) |
| AD-B Vol 1 | Fire safety: dwellings | 2019 (amended 2020, 2022, 2023) |
| AD-B Vol 2 | Fire safety: buildings other than dwellings | 2019 (amended 2020, 2022) |
| AD-C | Site preparation + resistance to contaminants/moisture | 2004 (amended) |
| AD-D | Toxic substances | 1992 (amended) |
| AD-E | Resistance to sound | 2003 (amended) |
| AD-F Vol 1 | Ventilation: dwellings | 2021 |
| AD-F Vol 2 | Ventilation: buildings other than dwellings | 2021 |
| AD-G | Sanitation, hot water safety, water efficiency | 2015 (amended) |
| AD-H | Drainage and waste disposal | 2015 |
| AD-J | Combustion appliances + fuel storage | 2010 (amended 2013) |
| AD-K | Protection from falling, collision, impact | 2013 |
| AD-L Vol 1 | Conservation of fuel + power: dwellings | 2021 (interim to Future Homes Standard 2025) |
| AD-L Vol 2 | Conservation of fuel + power: other than dwellings | 2021 (interim to Future Buildings Standard 2025) |
| AD-M Vol 1 | Access to and use of buildings: dwellings | 2015 (M4(1) visitable, M4(2) accessible/adaptable, M4(3) wheelchair) |
| AD-M Vol 2 | Access to and use of buildings: other than dwellings | 2015 (amended 2024) |
| AD-N | Glazing safety (now withdrawn -- incorporated into AD-K) | -- |
| AD-O | Overheating | 2021 (NEW; addresses summer overheating in new homes) |
| AD-P | Electrical safety: dwellings | 2013 |
| AD-Q | Security: dwellings | 2015 |
| AD-R | Physical infrastructure for high-speed electronic comms | 2016 |
| AD-S | Infrastructure for charging electric vehicles | 2022 (NEW; mandatory EV charging provision) |
| AD7 | Materials and workmanship | 2013 |
| AD | 主题 | 最新版本 |
|---|---|---|
| AD-A | 结构 | 2013(含2010 + 2013年修订) |
| AD-B 第1卷 | 消防安全:住宅 | 2019(2020、2022、2023年修订) |
| AD-B 第2卷 | 消防安全:非住宅建筑 | 2019(2020、2022年修订) |
| AD-C | 场地准备 + 抗污染/防潮 | 2004(已修订) |
| AD-D | 有毒物质 | 1992(已修订) |
| AD-E | 隔声 | 2003(已修订) |
| AD-F 第1卷 | 通风:住宅 | 2021 |
| AD-F 第2卷 | 通风:非住宅建筑 | 2021 |
| AD-G | 卫生设施、热水安全、用水效率 | 2015(已修订) |
| AD-H | 排水与废物处理 | 2015 |
| AD-J | 燃烧器具 + 燃料储存 | 2010(2013年修订) |
| AD-K | 防坠落、防撞、防冲击保护 | 2013 |
| AD-L 第1卷 | 燃料与电力节约:住宅 | 2021(2025年未来住宅标准的过渡版本) |
| AD-L 第2卷 | 燃料与电力节约:非住宅 | 2021(2025年未来建筑标准的过渡版本) |
| AD-M 第1卷 | 建筑出入口与使用:住宅 | 2015(M4(1) 可探访、M4(2) 无障碍/可改造、M4(3) 轮椅适用) |
| AD-M 第2卷 | 建筑出入口与使用:非住宅 | 2015(2024年修订) |
| AD-N | 玻璃安全(已废止——并入AD-K) | -- |
| AD-O | 过热 | 2021(新增;针对新建住宅夏季过热问题) |
| AD-P | 电气安全:住宅 | 2013 |
| AD-Q | 安防:住宅 | 2015 |
| AD-R | 高速电子通信物理基础设施 | 2016 |
| AD-S | 电动汽车充电基础设施 | 2022(新增;强制要求配备EV充电设施) |
| AD7 | 材料与施工工艺 | 2013 |
2.2 Approved Documents Are Guidance
2.2 Approved Documents为指导性质
Critical concept: ADs are guidance -- they describe one way to comply. Alternative approaches are permitted if they meet the functional requirements of the Building Regulations. This enables performance-based fire engineering, etc.
核心概念:AD属于指导文件——仅描述了一种合规方式。若能满足《建筑法规》的功能要求,可采用替代方案。这为基于性能的消防工程等方法提供了空间。
2.3 Planning Permission vs Building Control
2.3 规划许可 vs 建筑监管
- Planning Permission -- Local Planning Authority (LPA) under Town and Country Planning Act 1990; addresses use, scale, design, impact
- Building Control -- compliance with Building Regulations 2010; addresses safety, performance, accessibility
- These are SEPARATE consents; both usually required
- Permitted Development Rights -- some works exempt from full planning permission
- Prior Approval -- some PD requires LPA prior approval (e.g., change of use)
- 规划许可:由地方规划局(LPA)依据《1990年城乡规划法》审批;关注用途、规模、设计、影响等
- 建筑监管:核查是否符合2010年《建筑法规》;关注安全、性能、无障碍等
- 两者是独立的审批程序,通常都需要办理
- 许可开发权:部分工程无需申请完整规划许可
- 预先核准:部分许可开发项目需获得LPA的预先核准(例如用途变更)
2.4 NPPF + Local Plans
2.4 NPPF + 地方规划
- National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) -- last revised 2024 -- sets national planning policy
- Local Plans -- adopted by each LPA, set local planning policy
- Neighbourhood Plans -- some localities have these too
- London Plan 2021 -- spatial development strategy for Greater London by Mayor + GLA; significant policy weight in London applications
- 国家规划政策框架(NPPF):最近修订于2024年——制定国家层面的规划政策
- 地方规划:由各LPA通过,设定地方规划政策
- 邻里规划:部分地区也会制定此类规划
- 2021年伦敦规划:由市长 + 大伦敦管理局制定的大伦敦空间发展战略;在伦敦的规划申请中具有重要政策权重
3. Fire Safety (AD-B Post-Grenfell)
3. 消防安全(格伦费尔火灾后的AD-B)
3.1 AD-B Amendments
3.1 AD-B修订情况
After Grenfell (June 2017), AD-B has been amended significantly:
| Year | Change |
|---|---|
| 2018 | Combustible cladding ban on buildings ≥18 m (residential, hotels, hospitals, schools) -- Regulation 7(2) of Building Regulations 2010 |
| 2020 | Extended ban to buildings ≥11 m for residential |
| 2022 | AD-B amendments: stricter compartmentation, sprinkler triggers, multi-storey egress |
| 2023 | Second staircase requirement for residential buildings ≥18 m (from 2026 transition) -- consultation/implementation |
格伦费尔火灾(2017年6月)后,AD-B经历了重大修订:
| 年份 | 变更内容 |
|---|---|
| 2018 | 禁止高度≥18米的建筑(住宅、酒店、医院、学校)使用可燃覆层——依据2010年《建筑法规》第7(2)条 |
| 2020 | 禁令扩展至高度≥11米的住宅建筑 |
| 2022 | AD-B修订:更严格的防火分隔、喷淋系统触发条件、多层疏散要求 |
| 2023 | 高度≥18米的住宅建筑需设置第二楼梯(2026年起过渡实施)——处于咨询/落地阶段 |
3.2 Means of Escape
3.2 疏散方式
AD-B Vol 1 (Dwellings) -- key parameters:
| Threshold | Requirement |
|---|---|
| Flat in building ≤4.5 m above ground | Single escape route OK |
| Flat in building 4.5-11 m | Lobby + single stair OK with conditions |
| Flat in building 11-18 m | Lobby + single stair + AOV + protected stair |
| Flat in building >18 m | Sprinklers throughout flats + protected stair + lobby; second stair from 2026 (>18 m new build) |
| Flat in building >30 m | Sprinklers + protected stair + lobby + second stair generally needed; smoke control engineered |
AD-B Vol 2 (Non-Domestic) -- key parameters:
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Travel distance from any point to nearest storey exit | per Table 2.1: B 18-25 m (one-direction), 45-60 m (two-direction) |
| Max corridor length with no fire-resistant separation | 12 m |
| Min stair width | 1.1 m up to 220 occupants per stair; capacity = 5 mm/person per m of stair width |
| Min door clear width | 800 mm (single leaf), 1500 mm (double leaf escape) |
| Max travel distance assembly (sprinklered) | 32 m (one-direction), 64 m (two-direction) |
| Max travel distance B (sprinklered) | 25 m one-direction, 45 m two-direction |
AD-B 第1卷(住宅)——核心参数:
| 阈值 | 要求 |
|---|---|
| 建筑内公寓位于地面以上≤4.5米 | 单条疏散路线即可 |
| 建筑内公寓位于地面以上4.5-11米 | 满足条件时可设前室 + 单部楼梯 |
| 建筑内公寓位于地面以上11-18米 | 前室 + 单部楼梯 + 自动排烟窗(AOV) + 防护楼梯 |
| 建筑内公寓位于地面以上>18米 | 公寓全域设喷淋 + 防护楼梯 + 前室;2026年起新建>18米建筑需设第二楼梯 |
| 建筑内公寓位于地面以上>30米 | 通常需设喷淋 + 防护楼梯 + 前室 + 第二楼梯;采用工程化排烟控制 |
AD-B 第2卷(非住宅)——核心参数:
| 参数 | 数值 |
|---|---|
| 任意位置到最近楼层出口的疏散距离 | 依据表2.1:B类建筑 18-25米(单向),45-60米(双向) |
| 无防火分隔的走廊最大长度 | 12米 |
| 楼梯最小宽度 | 每部楼梯服务≤220人时为1.1米;通行能力按每米楼梯宽度5毫米/人计算 |
| 门最小净宽 | 800毫米(单扇),1500毫米(双扇疏散门) |
| 集会场所最大疏散距离(设喷淋) | 32米(单向),64米(双向) |
| B类建筑最大疏散距离(设喷淋) | 25米(单向),45米(双向) |
3.3 Compartmentation
3.3 防火分隔
- Maximum compartment size per AD-B Vol 2 Table 12 (varies by building type + sprinklers)
- Fire-resistance periods: 30-min (FD30) up to 4-hour for compartment walls/floors
- External walls (post-Grenfell): if building ≥11 m residential, ≥18 m other, all elements of external wall (excl. window frames, doors) must be Class A2-s1, d0 OR Class A1 per EN 13501-1
- 依据AD-B第2卷表12,最大防火分区面积根据建筑类型和是否设喷淋有所不同
- 耐火极限:从30分钟(FD30)到4小时不等,适用于防火隔墙/楼板
- 外墙(格伦费尔火灾后):若为≥11米的住宅建筑、≥18米的其他建筑,外墙所有构件(窗框、门除外)必须达到EN 13501-1标准的A2-s1, d0级 或 A1级
3.4 BS 9991:2024 + BS 9999:2017
3.4 BS 9991:2024 + BS 9999:2017
Alternative performance-based routes:
- BS 9991:2024 -- Fire safety in the design, management and use of residential buildings (replaces BS 9991:2015)
- BS 9999:2017 -- Fire safety in the design, management and use of non-domestic buildings
- These permit fire engineering approaches not covered by AD-B
基于性能的替代合规路径:
- BS 9991:2024——住宅建筑设计、管理与使用中的消防安全(替代BS 9991:2015)
- BS 9999:2017——非住宅建筑设计、管理与使用中的消防安全
- 这些标准允许采用AD-B未涵盖的消防工程方法
3.5 BS 7974:2019
3.5 BS 7974:2019
- Application of fire safety engineering principles to design of buildings
- 8 sub-system PDs (Published Documents) covering specific aspects: initial fire+life, smoke, structural fire, etc.
- 消防安全工程原则在建筑设计中的应用
- 包含8份子系统出版文件(PD),涵盖特定方面:初始火灾与生命安全、排烟、结构抗火等
4. Energy Code
4. 能源规范
4.1 AD-L (Conservation of Fuel and Power)
4.1 AD-L(燃料与电力节约)
AD-L Vol 1 (2021) -- Dwellings:
- Target Fabric Energy Efficiency (TFEE) per dwelling type
- SAP 10.2 calculation methodology (TEr -- Target Emission Rate)
- Fabric U-values minimum standards
- Building services efficiency standards
AD-L Vol 2 (2021) -- Non-Domestic:
- SBEM calculation methodology (TBER -- Target Building Emission Rate)
- Fabric U-values minimum standards
- HVAC efficiency standards (FE -- Building Fabric Efficiency)
AD-L 第1卷(2021)——住宅:
- 各住宅类型的目标围护结构能源效率(TFEE)
- SAP 10.2计算方法(目标排放率TEr)
- 围护结构U值最低标准
- 建筑设备效率标准
AD-L 第2卷(2021)——非住宅:
- SBEM计算方法(目标建筑排放率TBER)
- 围护结构U值最低标准
- HVAC效率标准(建筑围护结构效率FE)
4.2 Future Homes Standard 2025 + Future Buildings Standard 2025
4.2 2025年未来住宅标准 + 2025年未来建筑标准
England transition pathway:
- From 2025: new homes built to FHS standards -- estimated 75-80% lower carbon than 2013 stock; heat pumps default; PV expected; no on-site combustion of fossil fuels
- From 2025: new non-domestic buildings to FBS standards -- similar carbon reduction trajectory
- Interim AD-L 2021 already requires 31% improvement (homes) over 2013 baseline
英格兰的过渡路径:
- 2025年起:新建住宅需符合未来住宅标准(FHS)——碳排放预计比2013年基准降低75-80%;默认采用热泵;预计需配置光伏;无现场化石燃料燃烧
- 2025年起:新建非住宅建筑需符合未来建筑标准(FBS)——碳减排轨迹类似
- 2021年过渡版AD-L已要求住宅比2013年基准提升31%的能效
4.3 AD-L U-Value Limits (2021)
4.3 AD-L U值限值(2021)
| Element | Notional Building Limit (W/m2K) | Limiting Backstop (W/m2K) |
|---|---|---|
| Wall (dwellings new) | 0.18 | 0.26 |
| Roof (dwellings new) | 0.11 | 0.16 |
| Ground floor (dwellings) | 0.13 | 0.18 |
| Window/door (dwellings) | 1.2 | 1.4 (window), 1.4 (door) |
| Wall (non-dom new) | 0.18 | 0.26 |
| Roof (non-dom new) | 0.16 | 0.18 |
| Window (non-dom) | 1.6 | 2.2 |
| 构件 | 基准建筑限值(W/m²K) | 极限背限值(W/m²K) |
|---|---|---|
| 墙体(新建住宅) | 0.18 | 0.26 |
| 屋面(新建住宅) | 0.11 | 0.16 |
| 地面层(住宅) | 0.13 | 0.18 |
| 窗/门(住宅) | 1.2 | 1.4(窗),1.4(门) |
| 墙体(新建非住宅) | 0.18 | 0.26 |
| 屋面(新建非住宅) | 0.16 | 0.18 |
| 窗(非住宅) | 1.6 | 2.2 |
4.4 SAP 10.2 + SBEM
4.4 SAP 10.2 + SBEM
- SAP 10.2 -- Standard Assessment Procedure for dwellings -- prescribes the calculation methodology for new homes' energy performance (mandatory for Building Regs + EPC)
- SBEM -- Simplified Building Energy Model for non-domestic
- EPC (Energy Performance Certificate) -- required for all new buildings + sales/lettings; band A-G
- SAP 10.2——住宅标准评估程序——规定了新建住宅能源性能的计算方法(建筑法规 + EPC强制要求)
- SBEM——非住宅简化建筑能耗模型
- EPC(能源绩效证书)——所有新建建筑以及房屋销售/出租时必须提供;等级为A-G
4.5 MEES -- Minimum Energy Efficiency Standards
4.5 MEES——最低能源效率标准
- Privately rented domestic properties: EPC E minimum since 2018; minimum EPC C from 2030 (proposed)
- Privately rented commercial properties: EPC E minimum since 2018 (existing leases) and 2023 (continued leases); proposed EPC C by 2027, EPC B by 2030
- 私人租赁住宅:2018年起最低要求为EPC E级;2030年起拟提高至EPC C级
- 私人租赁商业地产:2018年(现有租约)和2023年(续期租约)起最低要求为EPC E级;拟2027年达到EPC C级,2030年达到EPC B级
4.6 BREEAM
4.6 BREEAM
- BREEAM New Construction SD5078 (2024 update) -- UK's dominant non-domestic green rating
- Home Quality Mark (HQM) -- domestic; less common than EPC
- Ratings: Acceptable, Pass, Good, Very Good, Excellent, Outstanding
- Many local plans require BREEAM Excellent minimum (e.g., London Plan)
- BREEAM 新建建筑 SD5078(2024年更新)——英国主流的非住宅绿色建筑评估体系
- 住宅质量标志(HQM)——住宅类评估;不如EPC普及
- 评级:可接受、通过、良好、优秀、卓越、杰出
- 许多地方规划要求最低达到BREEAM卓越级(例如伦敦规划)
4.7 London Plan 2021 Energy Hierarchy
4.7 2021年伦敦规划能源层级
For Greater London projects:
- Be Lean -- reduce energy demand (passive + efficient services)
- Be Clean -- use heat networks + decentralised supply where possible
- Be Green -- maximise renewables
- Be Seen -- monitor + manage performance
Plus: Net Zero Carbon target for new buildings (operational + embodied), Whole Life-Cycle Carbon Assessment for major referable applications.
适用于大伦敦项目:
- 精益用能——降低能源需求(被动式设计 + 高效设备)
- 清洁用能——尽可能采用热网 + 分布式能源供应
- 绿色用能——最大化利用可再生能源
- 可视用能——监测 + 管理性能
此外:新建建筑需实现净零碳目标(运营 + 隐含碳),重大上报项目需开展全生命周期碳评估。
5. Accessibility
5. 无障碍设计
5.1 AD-M Three-Tier System (Dwellings)
5.1 AD-M三级体系(住宅)
| Tier | Standard | When Required |
|---|---|---|
| M4(1) | Visitable | Minimum for ALL new homes -- step-free to entrance, accessible WC at entrance level, wider doors |
| M4(2) | Accessible and Adaptable | Required by many Local Plans (London, Manchester etc.) for percentage of new homes |
| M4(3) | Wheelchair User Dwellings | Subdivided: M4(3)(2)(a) Adaptable (most common; for future fit-out), M4(3)(2)(b) Accessible (fitted out at construction). Required for percentage of homes in many Local Plans |
London Plan 2021: 90% M4(2), 10% M4(3) for new residential development.
| 等级 | 标准 | 适用场景 |
|---|---|---|
| M4(1) | 可探访 | 所有新建住宅的最低要求——入口无台阶、入口层设无障碍卫生间、门宽更宽 |
| M4(2) | 无障碍且可改造 | 许多地方规划(伦敦、曼彻斯特等)要求一定比例的新建住宅达到此标准 |
| M4(3) | 轮椅使用者住宅 | 细分为:M4(3)(2)(a) 可改造型(最常见;预留未来改造空间)、M4(3)(2)(b) 无障碍型(建造时即完成配置)。许多地方规划要求一定比例的住宅达到此标准 |
2021年伦敦规划要求:新建住宅开发项目中90%达到M4(2),10%达到M4(3)。
5.2 BS 8300-1:2018 + BS 8300-2:2018
5.2 BS 8300-1:2018 + BS 8300-2:2018
Detailed technical reference superior to AD-M for non-domestic:
- BS 8300-1 -- External environment (pavements, kerbs, public realm, parking)
- BS 8300-2 -- Internal environment (entries, circulation, toilets, lifts)
针对非住宅建筑的详细技术参考,比AD-M更全面:
- BS 8300-1——外部环境(人行道、路缘石、公共空间、停车场)
- BS 8300-2——内部环境(入口、流线、卫生间、电梯)
5.3 Key Dimensions
5.3 关键尺寸
| Element | AD-M / BS 8300 |
|---|---|
| Accessible route | 1.5 m (BS 8300-1); 1.0 m absolute min |
| Door clear width (principal entrance) | 1000 mm (M4(1) homes); 900 mm internal |
| Ramp gradient | 1:12 (up to 5 m run); 1:15 (5-10 m); 1:20 (>10 m); landings every 10 m |
| Cross slope | <= 1:50 |
| Lift cabin -- minimum (Type 1) | 1100 x 1400 mm |
| Lift cabin -- preferred (Type 2) | 1400 x 1600 mm (BS 8300) |
| Accessible WC | 1500 x 2200 mm (peninsular layout); grab rails left + right |
| Accessible parking | 4.8 m + 1.2 m aisle (2.4 + 2.4 layout); covered preferred |
| Tactile paving | Per DfT Inclusive Mobility 2021 + BS 7997 |
| 构件 | AD-M / BS 8300要求 |
|---|---|
| 无障碍通道 | 1.5米(BS 8300-1);绝对最小值1.0米 |
| 主入口门净宽 | 1000毫米(M4(1)住宅);室内门900毫米 |
| 坡道坡度 | 1:12(坡道长度≤5米);1:15(5-10米);1:20(>10米);每10米设休息平台 |
| 横坡 | ≤1:50 |
| 电梯轿厢——最小(1型) | 1100 x 1400毫米 |
| 电梯轿厢——推荐(2型) | 1400 x 1600毫米(BS 8300) |
| 无障碍卫生间 | 1500 x 2200毫米(半岛式布局);左右设扶手 |
| 无障碍停车位 | 4.8米车位 + 1.2米通道(2.4 + 2.4布局);优先设遮蔽设施 |
| 盲道砖 | 依据交通部《2021年包容性出行指南》 + BS 7997 |
5.4 Equality Act 2010
5.4 2010年《平等法案》
UK accessibility law goes beyond Building Regs:
- Reasonable adjustments duty for service providers + employers
- Public sector equality duty
- Enforcement via Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) + tribunals
英国的无障碍法律要求超出建筑法规范畴:
- 服务提供商 + 雇主需履行合理调整义务
- 公共部门平等义务
- 由平等与人权委员会(EHRC) + 法庭负责执法
5.5 Public Realm
5.5 公共空间
- Inclusive Mobility 2021 (DfT) -- public realm/streets accessibility
- Manual for Streets / Manual for Streets 2 -- design standards
- TSRGD (Traffic Signs Regulations) -- signage
- 《2021年包容性出行指南》(交通部)——公共空间/街道无障碍设计
- 《街道设计手册》/《街道设计手册2》——设计标准
- TSRGD(交通标志法规)——标志设置
6. Structural and Loads (Eurocodes with UK National Annexes)
6. 结构与荷载(带英国国家附录的Eurocodes)
6.1 Eurocode Suite as Adopted in UK
6.1 英国采用的Eurocodes系列
| Eurocode | Topic | UK NA Status |
|---|---|---|
| BS EN 1990:2002+A1:2005 | Basis of structural design | UK NA published |
| BS EN 1991 (Parts 1-1 to 4) | Actions | UK NAs published; key: 1-1 (general), 1-3 (snow), 1-4 (wind), 1-5 (thermal), 1-7 (accidental) |
| BS EN 1992 | Concrete | UK NA |
| BS EN 1993 | Steel | UK NA |
| BS EN 1994 | Composite | UK NA |
| BS EN 1995 | Timber | UK NA |
| BS EN 1996 | Masonry | UK NA |
| BS EN 1997 | Geotechnical | UK NA |
| BS EN 1998 | Seismic | UK NA -- low seismicity in UK; often waived |
| BS EN 1999 | Aluminium | UK NA |
| Eurocode | 主题 | 英国国家附录状态 |
|---|---|---|
| BS EN 1990:2002+A1:2005 | 结构设计基础 | 已发布英国国家附录 |
| BS EN 1991(第1-1至4部分) | 作用 | 已发布英国国家附录;核心部分:1-1(总则)、1-3(雪荷载)、1-4(风荷载)、1-5(温度作用)、1-7(偶然作用) |
| BS EN 1992 | 混凝土结构 | 英国国家附录 |
| BS EN 1993 | 钢结构 | 英国国家附录 |
| BS EN 1994 | 组合结构 | 英国国家附录 |
| BS EN 1995 | 木结构 | 英国国家附录 |
| BS EN 1996 | 砌体结构 | 英国国家附录 |
| BS EN 1997 | 岩土工程 | 英国国家附录 |
| BS EN 1998 | 抗震设计 | 英国国家附录——英国地震活动低;通常可豁免 |
| BS EN 1999 | 铝合金结构 | 英国国家附录 |
6.2 Legacy British Standards (still in some use)
6.2 旧版英国标准(仍有部分使用)
- BS 5950 -- Steel (superseded by BS EN 1993 + UK NA, but some legacy projects)
- BS 8110 -- Concrete (superseded by BS EN 1992 + UK NA)
- BS 5628 -- Masonry (superseded by BS EN 1996 + UK NA)
- BS 8004 -- Foundations (still in use as referenced)
- BS 8500-1, BS 8500-2 -- Concrete specification (companion to BS EN 1992)
- BS 8102:2022 -- Waterproofing (active)
- BS 5950——钢结构(已被BS EN 1993 + 英国国家附录取代,但部分遗留项目仍使用)
- BS 8110——混凝土结构(已被BS EN 1992 + 英国国家附录取代)
- BS 5628——砌体结构(已被BS EN 1996 + 英国国家附录取代)
- BS 8004——基础(仍作为引用标准使用)
- BS 8500-1、BS 8500-2——混凝土规范(BS EN 1992的配套标准)
- BS 8102:2022——防水(现行有效)
6.3 Wind in UK
6.3 英国风荷载
- BS EN 1991-1-4 + UK NA: Fundamental basic wind velocity Vb,0 = 21-29 m/s across UK (mapped)
- Highest in Scotland north + west (Stornoway, Lerwick), lowest in southeast England
- 50-year return; with directional, season, orography, gust factor modifiers
- BS EN 1991-1-4 + 英国国家附录:基本风速Vb,0 = 全英21-29米/秒(按地区分布)
- 苏格兰北部和西部(斯托诺韦、勒威克)风速最高,英格兰东南部最低
- 50年重现期;需考虑方向、季节、地形、阵风系数修正
6.4 Snow in UK
6.4 英国雪荷载
- BS EN 1991-1-3 + UK NA: ground snow load sk = 0.30 - 0.90 kN/m2 depending on region + altitude
- Higher in Scotland highlands; relatively modest elsewhere
- Altitude factor crucial above 100 m elevation
- BS EN 1991-1-3 + 英国国家附录:地面雪荷载sk = 0.30 - 0.90 kN/m²,取决于地区和海拔
- 苏格兰高地雪荷载较高,其他地区相对适中
- 海拔100米以上时海拔系数至关重要
7. Devolved Nations -- Quick Reference
7. 权力下放地区——快速参考
7.1 Scotland
7.1 苏格兰
Building (Scotland) Regulations 2004 (as amended) + Scottish Technical Handbooks (Domestic + Non-Domestic, updated 2023):
- Section 1 Structure
- Section 2 Fire (Scottish equivalent of AD-B; more stringent in some areas, e.g., sprinklers in homes ≥18 m + most flats above 11 m)
- Section 3 Environment (resistance to noise/moisture/etc.)
- Section 4 Safety (incl. accessibility)
- Section 5 Noise
- Section 6 Energy (parallel to AD-L)
- Section 7 Sustainability
Process: Building Warrant before construction; Completion Certificate before occupation. Verifier (LA-appointed) checks compliance.
《2004年苏格兰建筑法规》(已修订) + 苏格兰技术手册(住宅 + 非住宅,2023版更新):
- 第1节 结构
- 第2节 消防(相当于英格兰的AD-B;部分领域更严格,例如≥18米住宅 + 11米以上多数公寓需设喷淋)
- 第3节 环境(隔声/防潮等)
- 第4节 安全(含无障碍)
- 第5节 隔声
- 第6节 能源(相当于AD-L)
- 第7节 可持续性
流程:施工前需取得建筑许可(Building Warrant);投入使用前需取得竣工证书。由验证人(LA任命的建筑标准官员)核查合规性。
7.2 Wales
7.2 威尔士
Welsh Government issued its own Approved Documents from 2018+ with divergence from England. Key:
- Welsh AD-L 2022 -- on parallel trajectory to FHS but distinct
- Welsh AD-B -- post-Grenfell amendments aligned with England
- Welsh Future Homes Standard -- under development
威尔士政府自2018年起发布自有版本的Approved Documents,与英格兰逐步出现差异。核心要点:
- 威尔士版AD-L 2022——与未来住宅标准路径平行但有所不同
- 威尔士版AD-B——格伦费尔火灾后的修订与英格兰一致
- 威尔士未来住宅标准——正在制定中
7.3 Northern Ireland
7.3 北爱尔兰
Building Regulations (NI) 2012 (SR 2012/192) + Technical Booklets:
- A Interpretation
- B Materials
- C Site preparation
- D Structure
- E Fire safety
- F Conservation of fuel + power
- G Sound
- H Stairs/ramps + protection from falling
- J Solid fuel
- K Ventilation
- L Combustion appliances + fuel storage
- M Sanitary appliances + plumbing
- N Drainage
- P Sanitary
- Q Sanitary
- R Access + use (accessibility)
- V Glazing
NI typically lags England by 12-24 months on equivalent provisions.
《2012年北爱尔兰建筑法规》(SR 2012/192) + 技术手册:
- A 释义
- B 材料
- C 场地准备
- D 结构
- E 消防安全
- F 燃料与电力节约
- G 隔声
- H 楼梯/坡道 + 防坠落保护
- J 固体燃料
- K 通风
- L 燃烧器具 + 燃料储存
- M 卫生器具 + 管道
- N 排水
- P 卫生
- Q 卫生
- R 出入口与使用(无障碍)
- V 玻璃
北爱尔兰的相关规定通常比英格兰晚12-24个月落地。
8. Practical Workflows
8. 实用工作流程
8.1 England Building Project Workflow (non-HRB)
8.1 英格兰建筑项目流程(非HRB)
- Pre-application planning advice -- LPA pre-app
- Planning application (Outline or Full) -- 8/13/16-week decision
- Discharge planning conditions post-permission
- Building Regulations submission: Full Plans OR Building Notice OR Initial Notice (Approved Inspector)
- Construction phase inspections at key stages
- Completion certificate issued
- EPC + as-built confirmation before occupation
- 规划预申请咨询——LPA预申请
- 规划申请(纲要或全案)——8/13/16周审批周期
- 获批后解除规划条件
- 建筑法规申报:全案图纸申报 或 建筑通知 或 初始通知(由核准检查员负责)
- 施工阶段检查——关键节点开展
- 颁发竣工证书
- 投入使用前提供EPC + 竣工确认文件
8.2 England HRB Workflow (post-BSA 2022)
8.2 英格兰HRB项目流程(BSA 2022实施后)
- Pre-application with LPA + early engagement with BSR
- Planning application with Fire Safety Statement (Gateway 1)
- Pre-construction submission to BSR (Gateway 2) -- detailed design, safety case principles, competent person regime evidence; BSR has 12-week determination, can extend
- Construction: Mandatory Occurrence Reporting active; Golden Thread maintained
- Completion submission to BSR (Gateway 3) -- safety case + occupation conditions
- Occupation: Principal Accountable Person duties + Resident Engagement Strategy + ongoing Safety Case Reviews
- 预申请阶段——与LPA沟通 + 早期对接BSR
- 规划申请——附消防声明(网关1)
- 向BSR提交施工前申报(网关2)——包含详细设计、安全案例原则、胜任人员体系证明;BSR有12周审批周期,可延长
- 施工阶段:启动强制事件报告;维护黄金线程信息
- 向BSR提交竣工申报(网关3)——提交安全案例 + 使用条件
- 投入使用:履行主要责任人职责 + 落实居民参与策略 + 持续开展安全案例评审
8.3 London Major Application
8.3 伦敦重大项目申请
For schemes "referable to the Mayor" (typically >150 residential units, or buildings >30 m, others):
- LPA processes but Mayor of London has direct call-in powers
- Whole Life-Cycle Carbon Assessment required
- Net Zero Carbon target (or carbon offset payment via Local Plans)
- Air Quality Neutral assessment
对于“需上报市长”的方案(通常指>150套住宅单元、或建筑高度>30米,以及其他符合条件的项目):
- 由LPA处理,但伦敦市长拥有直接干预权
- 需开展全生命周期碳评估
- 需实现净零碳目标(或通过地方规划缴纳碳抵消费用)
- 需开展空气质量中性评估
9. Quick Numeric Reference
9. 快速数值参考
| Parameter | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Floor-to-floor residential | 2.7-3.0 m | AD-K + RIBA Spec; min 2.4 m clear |
| Floor-to-floor office | 3.6-4.2 m | BCO Guide to Specification 2019; 2.7 m clear |
| Stair max riser | 220 mm (private dwellings); 180 mm (other) | AD-K Table 1.1 |
| Stair min going | 220 mm (private); 250 mm (other) | AD-K |
| Min protected corridor width | 1.0 m, 1.2 m if used by escape | AD-B + AD-M |
| Wall U-value (new dwelling) | 0.18 W/m2K limit | AD-L Vol 1 2021 |
| Roof U-value (new dwelling) | 0.11 W/m2K limit | AD-L Vol 1 2021 |
| Window U-value (new dwelling) | 1.2 W/m2K limit | AD-L Vol 1 2021 |
| Travel distance (sprinklered office) | 25 m one-direction, 45 m two-direction | AD-B Vol 2 Table 2.1 |
| Refuge area (HRB) | 0.7 m2 wheelchair + space + comms | AD-B + BS 9999 |
| Cladding (>=11 m res, >=18 m other) | Class A1/A2-s1, d0 EN 13501-1 | Reg 7(2) Building Regs 2010 + AD-B 2018+ |
| Accessible WC | 1500 x 2200 mm | AD-M / BS 8300 |
| Wind Vb,0 (London) | 22 m/s | UK NA to BS EN 1991-1-4 |
| Wind Vb,0 (Glasgow) | 25 m/s | Same |
| Ground snow sk (London) | 0.4 kN/m2 | UK NA to BS EN 1991-1-3 |
| 参数 | 数值 | 来源 |
|---|---|---|
| 住宅层高 | 2.7-3.0米 | AD-K + RIBA规格说明;最小净高2.4米 |
| 办公楼层高 | 3.6-4.2米 | BCO 2019年规格指南;最小净高2.7米 |
| 楼梯最大踢面高度 | 220毫米(私人住宅);180毫米(其他建筑) | AD-K 表1.1 |
| 楼梯最小踏面宽度 | 220毫米(私人住宅);250毫米(其他建筑) | AD-K |
| 防护走廊最小宽度 | 1.0米,若用作疏散通道则为1.2米 | AD-B + AD-M |
| 墙体U值(新建住宅) | 0.18 W/m²K限值 | AD-L 第1卷 2021 |
| 屋面U值(新建住宅) | 0.11 W/m²K限值 | AD-L 第1卷 2021 |
| 窗户U值(新建住宅) | 1.2 W/m²K限值 | AD-L 第1卷 2021 |
| 疏散距离(设喷淋的办公楼) | 25米(单向),45米(双向) | AD-B 第2卷 表2.1 |
| 避难区(HRB) | 0.7平方米/轮椅 + 空间 + 通信设施 | AD-B + BS 9999 |
| 覆层(≥11米住宅、≥18米其他建筑) | EN 13501-1 A1/A2-s1, d0级 | 2010年《建筑法规》第7(2)条 + 2018年起AD-B |
| 无障碍卫生间 | 1500 x 2200毫米 | AD-M / BS 8300 |
| 基本风速Vb,0(伦敦) | 22米/秒 | BS EN 1991-1-4英国国家附录 |
| 基本风速Vb,0(格拉斯哥) | 25米/秒 | 同上 |
| 地面雪荷载sk(伦敦) | 0.4 kN/m² | BS EN 1991-1-3英国国家附录 |
10. Application Workflow
10. 应用流程
- Identify nation (England, Wales, Scotland, NI).
- Identify if HRB under BSA 2022 (England) -- triggers BSR regime.
- Identify whether listed building / heritage / conservation area -- additional consents.
- Apply Building Regulations through ADs (England/Wales) / Technical Handbook (Scotland) / Technical Booklets (NI).
- Apply Eurocodes + UK NAs for structural; check seismic waiver.
- Apply AD-L / Section 6 / Tech Booklet F for energy.
- Apply AD-B / Section 2 / Tech Booklet E for fire.
- Apply AD-M + BS 8300 / Equality Act / Tech Booklet R for accessibility.
- Apply Local Plan / NPPF / London Plan for planning.
- Cite clauses: "AD-B Vol 2 (2019, amended 2022) Section 2.1, Table 2.1"; "BS 9991:2024 Section 7"; "AD-L Vol 1 2021 Section 4.2"; "London Plan 2021 Policy SI 2"; "Building Safety Act 2022 Section 65"; "BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010 + UK NA"
- 确认所属构成国(英格兰、威尔士、苏格兰、北爱尔兰)。
- 确认是否属于BSA 2022定义的HRB(英格兰)——触发BSR监管体系。
- 确认是否为登录建筑/历史建筑/保护区——需额外审批。
- 适用建筑法规:通过AD(英格兰/威尔士)/技术手册(苏格兰)/技术手册(北爱尔兰)执行。
- 结构设计适用Eurocodes + 英国国家附录;核查是否可豁免抗震要求。
- 能源部分适用AD-L / 第6节 / 技术手册F。
- 消防部分适用AD-B / 第2节 / 技术手册E。
- 无障碍部分适用AD-M + BS 8300 / 《平等法案》 / 技术手册R。
- 规划部分适用地方规划 / NPPF / 伦敦规划。
- 条款引用示例:“AD-B 第2卷(2019,2022年修订)第2.1节,表2.1”;“BS 9991:2024 第7节”;“AD-L 第1卷 2021 第4.2节”;“2021年伦敦规划 政策SI 2”;“2022年建筑安全法案 第65条”;“BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010 + 英国国家附录”
11. Authoritative Sources
11. 权威来源
- DLUHC/MHCLG (UK Gov Housing) -- gov.uk/government/organisations/ministry-of-housing-communities-and-local-government
- HSE Building Safety Regulator -- hse.gov.uk/building-safety
- BSI (British Standards Institution) -- bsigroup.com -- BS suite
- Approved Documents (England) -- gov.uk/government/collections/approved-documents
- Welsh Government Building Regs -- gov.wales/building-regulations
- Scottish Government Building Standards -- gov.scot/policies/building-standards
- NI Department of Finance -- finance-ni.gov.uk/topics/building-regulations
- NPPF -- gov.uk/government/publications/national-planning-policy-framework--2
- London Plan -- london.gov.uk/programmes-strategies/planning/london-plan
- CIBSE -- cibse.org -- Guides A/B/D/L (lighting)/AM10 etc.
- RIBA -- riba.org -- Plan of Work 2020, briefing standards
- BRE -- bregroup.com -- BREEAM, SAP 10.2, SBEM
- MEES guidance -- gov.uk/government/publications/the-non-domestic-private-rented-property-minimum-standard
Cross-references: load for general fire/egress concepts (which AD-B refines for UK); for general fire engineering (then UK BS 9991/9999); for global frameworks then BS 8300/AD-M; for BREEAM + Passive House comparison + Whole Life Carbon; for UK climate (AD-O overheating + AD-L envelope); for Eurocode-based design.
building-codesfire-life-safetyaccessibility-designbuilding-sustainabilitybuilding-envelopestructural-systems- DLUHC/MHCLG(英国政府住房部门)——gov.uk/government/organisations/ministry-of-housing-communities-and-local-government
- HSE 建筑安全监管局——hse.gov.uk/building-safety
- BSI(英国标准协会)——bsigroup.com —— BS标准系列
- 英格兰Approved Documents——gov.uk/government/collections/approved-documents
- 威尔士政府建筑法规——gov.wales/building-regulations
- 苏格兰政府建筑标准——gov.scot/policies/building-standards
- 北爱尔兰财政部——finance-ni.gov.uk/topics/building-regulations
- NPPF——gov.uk/government/publications/national-planning-policy-framework--2
- 伦敦规划——london.gov.uk/programmes-strategies/planning/london-plan
- CIBSE——cibse.org —— 指南A/B/D/L(照明)/AM10等
- RIBA——riba.org —— 2020年工作计划、简报标准
- BRE——bregroup.com —— BREEAM、SAP 10.2、SBEM
- MEES指南——gov.uk/government/publications/the-non-domestic-private-rented-property-minimum-standard
交叉参考:加载技能可获取通用消防/疏散概念(AD-B是其英国细化版本);加载技能可获取通用消防工程知识(再结合英国BS 9991/9999标准);加载技能可获取全球框架,再结合BS 8300/AD-M;加载技能可获取BREEAM与被动式房屋对比 + 全生命周期碳内容;加载技能可获取英国气候相关内容(AD-O过热 + AD-L围护结构);加载技能可获取基于Eurocode的设计内容。
building-codesfire-life-safetyaccessibility-designbuilding-sustainabilitybuilding-envelopestructural-systems