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ChineseCountry: United Arab Emirates
国家:阿拉伯联合酋长国
Architectural code and regulatory reference for projects in any of the seven Emirates: Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al Quwain, Ras Al Khaimah, Fujairah. Activate this skill on any UAE city reference, AED currency, mention of "Civil Defence", "ADM"/"DM"/"DDA", "Estidama"/"Al Sa'fat"/"Mostadamah", "Trakhees", emirate-specific developer names (Emaar, Aldar, Nakheel, Dubai Holding, Mubadala), or codes DBC/ADIBC/UAE FLS.
适用于七个酋长国(阿布扎比、迪拜、沙迦、阿治曼、乌姆盖万、哈伊马角、富查伊拉)任一地区项目的建筑规范与监管参考资料。当提及阿联酋任一城市、AED货币、“Civil Defence”、“ADM”/“DM”/“DDA”、“Estidama”/“Al Sa'fat”/“Mostadamah”、“Trakhees”、酋长国特定开发商名称(Emaar、Aldar、Nakheel、Dubai Holding、Mubadala)或DBC/ADIBC/UAE FLS等规范时,可激活此技能。
1. Regulatory Hierarchy
1. 监管层级
UAE operates as Archetype C (Federal Framework + Emirate Sovereignty). Each of the seven Emirates has its own building authority, and within each Emirate there may be sub-jurisdictions (master developers, free zones).
阿联酋采用C类模式(联邦框架 + 酋长国自治)。七个酋长国各有独立的建筑主管部门,且每个酋长国内部可能设有次级管辖机构(总开发商、自由贸易区)。
1.1 Federal-Level Authorities
1.1 联邦级主管部门
| Authority | Scope | Key Instruments |
|---|---|---|
| General Directorate of Civil Defence (GDCD) | Fire & life safety, federal | UAE Fire and Life Safety Code of Practice 2018 (with addenda); pre-2018 version was 2011 + amendments |
| Emirates Authority for Standardization & Metrology (ESMA, now MoIAT) | Product/material standards | UAE.S series of standards; mandatory for many materials (cement UAE.S GSO 1914) |
| Ministry of Energy and Infrastructure (MoEI) | Federal infrastructure, building permitting policy | -- |
| Ministry of Community Development (MoCD) | Disability rights / accessibility | Federal Law No. 29/2006 + 14/2009 + 1/2020 (People of Determination); National Policy 2017 |
| Federal Authority for Nuclear Regulation (FANR) | Hazardous occupancies near Barakah | -- |
| TDRA | Telecoms/digital infra | -- |
| 主管部门 | 管辖范围 | 核心文件 |
|---|---|---|
| 民防总局(GDCD) | 消防与生命安全(联邦层面) | 《2018年阿联酋消防与生命安全操作规范》(含附录);2018年之前的版本为2011年版+修订案 |
| 阿联酋标准化与计量局(ESMA,现隶属于MoIAT) | 产品/材料标准 | UAE.S系列标准;对多种材料强制执行(如水泥需符合UAE.S GSO 1914) |
| 能源与基础设施部(MoEI) | 联邦基础设施、建筑许可政策 | -- |
| 社区发展部(MoCD) | 残障人士权益/无障碍设施 | 第29/2006号+第14/2009号+第1/2020号联邦法律(针对决心人士);2017年国家政策 |
| 联邦核监管局(FANR) | 巴拉卡核电站周边的危险用途建筑 | -- |
| TDRA | 电信/数字基础设施 | -- |
1.2 Emirate-Level Authorities
1.2 酋长国级主管部门
| Emirate | Primary Building Authority | Free Zone / Special Authority |
|---|---|---|
| Abu Dhabi | Department of Municipalities and Transport (DMT, formerly DPM/DUPM) -- which administers Abu Dhabi City Municipality (ADM), Al Ain Municipality, Al Dhafra Municipality | ADGM (Abu Dhabi Global Market), KIZAD, Khalifa Industrial Zone, Masdar City Free Zone |
| Dubai | Dubai Municipality (DM) -- DDM (Department of Development Management); Dubai Land Department (DLD) for ownership | Trakhees (Ports, Customs & Free Zone Corp -- PCFC) for: Jebel Ali Free Zone, Dubai Maritime City, Dubai Industrial City, Dragon City. Dubai Development Authority (DDA) for: Dubai Internet City, Dubai Media City, Knowledge Park, DIFC. DSO (Dubai Silicon Oasis Authority). MAHE (Dubai Healthcare City Authority - DHCA) |
| Sharjah | Sharjah Planning and Survey Department (Sharjah Municipality) | Sharjah Airport International Free Zone (SAIF), Hamriyah Free Zone (HFZA) |
| Ajman | Ajman Municipality and Planning Department | Ajman Free Zone Authority (AFZA) |
| Umm Al Quwain | UAQ Municipality | Ahmed bin Rashid Free Zone |
| Ras Al Khaimah | RAK Municipality | RAK Free Trade Zone (RAKEZ) |
| Fujairah | Fujairah Municipality | Fujairah Free Zone (FFZ), Creative City |
| 酋长国 | 主要建筑主管部门 | 自由贸易区/特殊主管机构 |
|---|---|---|
| 阿布扎比 | 市政与交通部(DMT,前身为DPM/DUPM)——负责管理阿布扎比市政局(ADM)、艾因市政局、扎夫拉市政局 | ADGM(阿布扎比全球市场)、KIZAD、哈利法工业区、马斯达尔城自由贸易区 |
| 迪拜 | 迪拜市政局(DM)——发展管理部(DDM);迪拜土地局(DLD)负责产权管理 | Trakhees(港口、海关与自由贸易区公司——PCFC)管辖:杰贝阿里自由贸易区、迪拜海事城、迪拜工业城、龙城。迪拜发展局(DDA)管辖:迪拜互联网城、迪拜媒体城、知识园、DIFC。DSO(迪拜硅谷管理局)。MAHE(迪拜医疗城管理局——DHCA) |
| 沙迦 | 沙迦规划与测量部(沙迦市政局) | 沙迦机场国际自由贸易区(SAIF)、哈姆里耶自由贸易区(HFZA) |
| 阿治曼 | 阿治曼市政与规划部 | 阿治曼自由贸易区管理局(AFZA) |
| 乌姆盖万 | UAQ市政局 | 艾哈迈德·本·拉希德自由贸易区 |
| 哈伊马角 | RAK市政局 | RAK自由贸易区(RAKEZ) |
| 富查伊拉 | 富查伊拉市政局 | 富查伊拉自由贸易区(FFZ)、创意城 |
1.3 Master-Developer Layer
1.3 总开发商层级
In Dubai and Abu Dhabi specifically, master developers have their own design guidelines (DCRs) that supplement Emirate codes. Project teams must comply with BOTH.
- Dubai master developers: Emaar (Downtown Dubai, Dubai Hills, Arabian Ranches), Nakheel (Palm Jumeirah, Deira Islands, Discovery Gardens), Dubai Holding (City Walk, Madinat Jumeirah, Bluewaters), DAMAC, Meraas, Dubai Investments
- Abu Dhabi master developers: Aldar (Yas Island, Saadiyat, Al Raha Beach, Reem Island), Mubadala (Saadiyat Cultural District, Masdar City), Tourism Development and Investment Company (TDIC, now part of Aldar)
- Each master developer publishes Design Review Guidelines (DRG) -- project-specific or community-wide
- The hierarchy on a typical project: UAE Federal Code -> Emirate Code -> Master Developer DRG -> sub-developer brief
尤其在迪拜和阿布扎比,总开发商会制定自身的设计指南(DCR),作为酋长国规范的补充。项目团队必须同时遵守两者。
- 迪拜总开发商:Emaar(迪拜市中心、迪拜山庄、阿拉伯牧场)、Nakheel(朱美拉棕榈岛、德拉群岛、探索花园)、Dubai Holding(城市漫步、朱美拉古城、蓝水岛)、DAMAC、Meraas、迪拜投资公司
- 阿布扎比总开发商:Aldar(亚斯岛、萨迪亚特岛、拉哈海滩、里姆岛)、Mubadala(萨迪亚特文化区、马斯达尔城)、旅游发展与投资公司(TDIC,现隶属于Aldar)
- 每位总开发商都会发布设计审查指南(DRG)——分为项目专属或社区通用两类
- 典型项目的监管层级:阿联酋联邦规范 -> 酋长国规范 -> 总开发商DRG -> 次级开发商任务书
1.4 Free Zone Distinction
1.4 自由贸易区的差异
Free zones often have lighter regulatory regimes for commercial operations but same or stricter building/life-safety codes. Trakhees (in Dubai), JAFZA, RAKEZ etc. publish their own building regulations -- almost always derived from IBC or Dubai code with stricter elements (fire, environment).
自由贸易区通常对商业运营实行更宽松的监管制度,但建筑/生命安全规范与酋长国标准一致或更严格。迪拜的Trakhees、JAFZA、RAKEZ等机构会发布自身的建筑法规——几乎均衍生自IBC或迪拜规范,并在消防、环保等方面有更严格的要求。
2. Dubai -- Building Code Core Requirements
2. 迪拜——建筑规范核心要求
2.1 Dubai Building Code 2021 (DBC)
2.1 《2021年迪拜建筑规范》(DBC)
The Dubai Building Code 2021 replaced earlier ad-hoc Dubai Municipality circulars and "DM Drawing Notes". It is IBC-derived in structure but with extensive Dubai-specific modifications. Issued by Dubai Municipality (DM).
Chapter structure (DBC 2021):
- Administration
- Definitions
- Use and Occupancy Classification
- Special Detailed Requirements (high-rise, atria, parking, etc.)
- General Building Heights and Areas
- Types of Construction
- Fire and Smoke Protection Features
- Interior Finishes
- Fire Protection Systems
- Means of Egress
- Accessibility
- Interior Environment
- Energy Efficiency
- Exterior Walls
- Roof Assemblies
- Structural Design
- Soils and Foundations
- Concrete 19-25. Other material chapters
- Existing Buildings
- Encroachments
- Sustainability A-Z. Appendices including swimming pools, mosques, towers, etc.
**《2021年迪拜建筑规范》**取代了此前迪拜市政局发布的各类临时通知和“DM绘图说明”。其结构衍生自IBC,但包含大量迪拜本地化修订。由迪拜市政局(DM)发布。
章节结构(DBC 2021):
- 行政管理
- 术语定义
- 用途与占用分类
- 特殊详细要求(高层建筑、中庭、停车场等)
- 建筑总高度与面积
- 建筑结构类型
- 防火与防烟设施
- 室内装修
- 消防系统
- 疏散设施
- 无障碍设计
- 室内环境
- 能源效率
- 外墙
- 屋面系统
- 结构设计
- 土壤与地基
- 混凝土 19-25. 其他材料章节
- 既有建筑
- 建筑退让
- 可持续性 A-Z. 附录,包括游泳池、清真寺、塔楼等专项要求
2.2 Occupancy Classification (DBC 2021 Ch. 3)
2.2 用途与占用分类(DBC 2021 第3章)
IBC-aligned with these UAE-specific clarifications:
| DBC Group | IBC Equivalent | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| A-1 through A-5 | Assembly | A-3 includes religious (mosque) -- special chapter |
| B | Business | Office, professional services |
| E | Educational | Up to 12th grade |
| F-1, F-2 | Factory | F-1 moderate hazard, F-2 low hazard |
| H | High Hazard | DM further requires Civil Defence pre-approval |
| I-1 through I-4 | Institutional | I-1 supervised care; I-2 hospital; I-3 detention; I-4 daycare |
| M | Mercantile | Retail, malls; UAE mall regulations significant |
| R-1 through R-4 | Residential | R-1 transient (hotel >30 days); R-2 apartment; R-3 single-family; R-4 small assisted living |
| S-1, S-2 | Storage | -- |
| U | Utility | -- |
与IBC保持一致,同时有以下阿联酋本地化说明:
| DBC类别 | 对应IBC类别 | 备注 |
|---|---|---|
| A-1至A-5 | 集会类 | A-3包括宗教建筑(清真寺)——有专项章节 |
| B | 商业办公类 | 办公室、专业服务场所 |
| E | 教育类 | 最高至12年级 |
| F-1、F-2 | 工业厂房类 | F-1中等危险,F-2低危险 |
| H | 高危险类 | DM额外要求需获得民防部门预审批 |
| I-1至I-4 | 机构类 | I-1监护型护理;I-2医院;I-3拘留所;I-4日托中心 |
| M | 商业零售类 | 零售店、商场;阿联酋商场规范要求较多 |
| R-1至R-4 | 居住类 | R-1短期住宿(酒店>30天);R-2公寓;R-3独栋住宅;R-4小型辅助生活设施 |
| S-1、S-2 | 仓储类 | -- |
| U | 公用设施类 | -- |
2.3 Height and Area Limits
2.3 高度与面积限制
DBC adopts IBC's height-vs-construction-type principle but with stricter ceiling for high-rise:
- High-rise = building > 23 m (75 ft) above lowest level of fire department access -- DBC 2021 Ch. 4 "Special Detailed Requirements"
- Super-tall = > 165 m height -- additional structural performance review by 3rd party
- Mega-tall = > 300 m height -- additional wind tunnel testing, vertical evacuation, refuge floors per Burj Khalifa precedent
DBC采用IBC的“高度-结构类型对应”原则,但对高层建筑的上限要求更严格:
- 高层建筑 = 建筑高度超过消防部门最低接入面23米(75英尺)——详见DBC 2021第4章“特殊详细要求”
- 超高层建筑 = 高度>165米——需由第三方进行额外结构性能审查
- 巨型高层建筑 = 高度>300米——需额外进行风洞试验、垂直疏散设计,参照哈利法塔先例设置避难层
2.4 Setbacks and FAR
2.4 退界与容积率
Dubai uses plot ratio (similar to FAR) + building footprint coverage + height limits combined.
| Zone Type | Plot Ratio | Coverage | Setbacks (typical) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Residential R1 (villa) | 0.5-0.8 | 30-40% | 6 m front, 3-5 m side/rear |
| Residential R2 (low-rise apt) | 1.5-2.5 | 50% | 6 m front, 3-5 m side/rear |
| Mixed-use mid-rise | 4-8 | 60% | 4-8 m all sides, building line per DM plot drawing |
| Tower zone (Marina, Downtown, JLT) | 8-20+ | 25-40% (tower footprint) | Tower setback varies by site context, podium up to lot line |
| Industrial | 0.4-1.0 | 40% | 6 m front, 4 m side/rear |
Each plot has a DM Affection Plan (issued by Dubai Land Department) that specifies the precise limits. Project teams must obtain this first.
迪拜采用地块容积率(plot ratio,类似FAR) + 建筑覆盖率 + 高度限制相结合的管控方式。
| 区域类型 | 地块容积率 | 建筑覆盖率 | 典型退界要求 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 住宅R1类(别墅) | 0.5-0.8 | 30-40% | 正面6米,侧面/背面3-5米 |
| 住宅R2类(低层公寓) | 1.5-2.5 | 50% | 正面6米,侧面/背面3-5米 |
| 中高层混合用途 | 4-8 | 60% | 各侧4-8米,建筑红线以DM地块图为准 |
| 塔楼区(滨海、市中心、JLT) | 8-20+ | 25-40%(塔楼基底面积) | 塔楼退界根据场地条件变化,裙房可建至地块红线 |
| 工业类 | 0.4-1.0 | 40% | 正面6米,侧面/背面4米 |
每个地块都有迪拜土地局签发的Affection Plan(地块规划核定图),明确规定了各项精确限制。项目团队必须首先获取该文件。
2.5 Critical Dubai-Specific Provisions
2.5 迪拜特有关键条款
- Burj Khalifa Effect: nearby developments require shadow + wind impact studies referenced to DBC 2021 Appendix
- Marina view corridors: protected sight lines from waterfront
- Solar reflectivity limits for facades exceeding 30 m height (anti-glare to road traffic)
- Cladding fire standard: post-Marina Torch / Address Downtown fires, ALL external cladding (>= 15 m height) must comply with EN 13501-1 Class A1 or A2-s1,d0 OR equivalent; NFPA 285 testing for assemblies; effectively prohibits combustible ACP cores
- 哈利法塔效应:周边开发项目需进行阴影和风影响研究,参照DBC 2021附录要求
- 滨海景观廊道:受保护的滨水视线通廊
- 高度超过30米的建筑立面需满足太阳反射率限制(防止对道路交通造成眩光)
- 外墙防火标准:在Marina Torch和Address Downtown火灾后,所有高度≥15米的建筑外墙覆层必须符合EN 13501-1 A1或A2-s1,d0级或同等标准;组件需通过NFPA 285测试;实质上禁止使用可燃铝塑复合板(ACP)芯材
3. Abu Dhabi -- Building Code Core Requirements
3. 阿布扎比——建筑规范核心要求
3.1 Abu Dhabi International Building Code 2013 (ADIBC)
3.1 《2013年阿布扎比国际建筑规范》(ADIBC)
Abu Dhabi adopted the 2009 International Building Code with Abu Dhabi modifications, published as ADIBC 2013 (Department of Urban Planning and Municipalities, predecessor of DMT). ADIBC structure mirrors IBC chapters.
Companion volumes:
- AD International Residential Code (ADIRC) -- aligned to IRC
- AD International Fire Code (ADIFC) -- aligned to IFC
- AD International Mechanical Code (ADIMC) -- aligned to IMC
- AD International Plumbing Code (ADIPC)
- AD International Energy Conservation Code (ADIECC) -- aligned to IECC
- AD International Existing Building Code (ADIEBC)
This means Abu Dhabi practitioners working from IBC 2009 / 2012 / 2015 with ADIBC overlay tables. Note: ADIBC has not been updated to IBC 2018/2021/2024 as of 2025. Practitioners must check current adoption status.
阿布扎比采用2009版国际建筑规范(IBC)并附加阿布扎比本地化修订,发布为《2013年阿布扎比国际建筑规范》(ADIBC)(由城市规划与市政部——DMT的前身发布)。ADIBC的章节结构与IBC一致。
配套规范:
- 阿布扎比国际住宅规范(ADIRC)——对应IRC
- 阿布扎比国际消防规范(ADIFC)——对应IFC
- 阿布扎比国际机械规范(ADIMC)——对应IMC
- 阿布扎比国际给排水规范(ADIPC)
- 阿布扎比国际节能规范(ADIECC)——对应IECC
- 阿布扎比国际既有建筑规范(ADIEBC)
这意味着阿布扎比的从业人员需基于IBC 2009/2012/2015版本,结合ADIBC修订对照表开展工作。**注意:截至2025年,ADIBC尚未更新至IBC 2018/2021/2024版本。**从业人员需确认当前的采用状态。
3.2 Estidama Pearl Building Rating System (PBRS)
3.2 Estidama珍珠建筑评级体系(PBRS)
Mandatory for all new buildings in Abu Dhabi -- not optional like LEED elsewhere.
| Building Type | Minimum Pearl Rating |
|---|---|
| Government-funded | 2 Pearls |
| All private new builds | 1 Pearl (minimum compliance) |
The PBRS has 7 categories: Integrated Development Process, Natural Systems, Liveable Buildings, Precious Water, Resourceful Energy, Stewarding Materials, Innovating Practice. Total ~177 credits with mandatory + optional. Submitted to Department of Municipalities and Transport.
阿布扎比所有新建建筑强制执行该评级——不像其他地区的LEED是可选的。
| 建筑类型 | 最低珍珠评级要求 |
|---|---|
| 政府出资项目 | 2珍珠 |
| 所有私人新建项目 | 1珍珠(最低合规要求) |
PBRS包含7大类别:综合开发流程、自然系统、宜居建筑、珍贵水资源、高效能源、材料管理、创新实践。总计约177个评分项,分为强制项和可选项。提交至市政与交通部审核。
3.3 ADIBC Setback & FAR
3.3 ADIBC退界与容积率
Abu Dhabi's planning is via Plan Abu Dhabi 2030 + Estidama community guidelines. Setbacks and FAR are project-specific per Detailed Master Plan (DMP) issued by DMT for each Sector. Aldar developments (Yas, Saadiyat, Al Raha Beach) carry additional Aldar DRGs.
阿布扎比的规划依据**《阿布扎比2030规划》** + Estidama社区指南。退界和容积率根据DMT为每个片区发布的**详细总体规划(DMP)**按项目确定。Aldar开发项目(亚斯岛、萨迪亚特岛、拉哈海滩)还需遵守额外的Aldar DRG要求。
4. Fire and Life Safety
4. 消防与生命安全
4.1 UAE Fire and Life Safety Code of Practice 2018
4.1 《2018年阿联酋消防与生命安全操作规范》(UAE FLS 2018)
The single most-cited code on UAE projects. Issued by General Directorate of Civil Defence (GDCD). Federal -- applies in all 7 Emirates.
Structure (2018 edition):
- Chapter 1: Administration
- Chapter 2: Definitions
- Chapter 3: Means of Egress
- Chapter 4: Fire Compartmentation and Construction
- Chapter 5: Special Hazards
- Chapter 6: Active Fire Protection Systems
- Chapter 7: External Wall Cladding
- Chapter 8: High-Rise Buildings (>23 m)
- Chapter 9: Specific Occupancies (mosques, hotels, malls, hospitals, schools)
- Chapter 10: Existing Buildings
- Chapter 11: Atriums, Stage and Performance Spaces
- Chapter 12: Materials Listing and Approvals
- Chapter 13: Marina, Boat and Harbour Facilities
- Chapter 14: Tents and Membrane Structures
- Chapter 15: Petrol Stations
- Chapter 16: Detention/Correctional
- Chapter 17: Emergency Power Systems
- Chapter 18: Smoke Control
- Annex A-Z: Testing, materials, design tables
**阿联酋项目中最常引用的规范。**由民防总局(GDCD)发布。属于联邦层面规范,适用于全部7个酋长国。
结构(2018版):
- 第1章:行政管理
- 第2章:术语定义
- 第3章:疏散设施
- 第4章:防火分区与建筑构造
- 第5章:特殊危险
- 第6章:主动消防系统
- 第7章:外墙覆层
- 第8章:高层建筑(>23米)
- 第9章:特殊用途建筑(清真寺、酒店、商场、医院、学校)
- 第10章:既有建筑
- 第11章:中庭、舞台与表演空间
- 第12章:材料列名与审批
- 第13章:码头、船舶与港口设施
- 第14章:帐篷与膜结构
- 第15章:加油站
- 第16章:拘留/矫正机构
- 第17章:应急电源系统
- 第18章:控烟系统
- 附录A-Z:测试、材料、设计表格
4.2 Egress Critical Parameters (UAE FLS 2018 Ch. 3)
4.2 疏散关键参数(UAE FLS 2018 第3章)
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Maximum travel distance (sprinklered B/M/R) | 91 m (300 ft) |
| Maximum travel distance (sprinklered A/E) | 76 m (250 ft) |
| Maximum travel distance (I-2 sprinklered) | 61 m (200 ft) |
| Maximum common path of travel | 30.5 m (100 ft) sprinklered B/M/R |
| Maximum dead-end | 15.2 m (50 ft) most occupancies sprinklered |
| Stair width | per occupant load capacity (7.6 mm/person sprinklered, 7.6 mm/person + factor for unsprinklered) |
| Minimum corridor width residential common | 1118 mm (44 inch) for >50 occupants; 914 mm (36 inch) for <=50 |
| Refuge floor (high-rise) | Every 25 floors above grade in residential >150 m; calculated capacity per UAE FLS Ch. 8 |
| 参数 | 数值 |
|---|---|
| 最大疏散距离(设喷淋的B/M/R类建筑) | 91米(300英尺) |
| 最大疏散距离(设喷淋的A/E类建筑) | 76米(250英尺) |
| 最大疏散距离(设喷淋的I-2类建筑) | 61米(200英尺) |
| 最大公共疏散路径长度 | 设喷淋的B/M/R类建筑为30.5米(100英尺) |
| 最大袋形走道长度 | 多数设喷淋的建筑类型为15.2米(50英尺) |
| 楼梯宽度 | 根据疏散人数确定(设喷淋建筑为7.6毫米/人,未设喷淋建筑需乘以系数) |
| 住宅公共走廊最小宽度 | 人数>50时为1118毫米(44英寸);人数≤50时为914毫米(36英寸) |
| 避难层(高层建筑) | 高度>150米的住宅建筑,地面以上每25层设置一个;容量按UAE FLS第8章计算 |
4.3 High-Rise (UAE FLS Ch. 8)
4.3 高层建筑(UAE FLS 第8章)
- Threshold: 23 m above lowest fire-department access
- Required: 2 enclosed exit stairs minimum (cross-vented or pressurized), 2-hour fire-rated lobbies, sprinklers throughout, fire pumps + redundant water supply, smoke control system, fire command centre on ground floor, dedicated firefighter lifts (per UAE FLS specification, similar to EN 81-72)
- Compartmentation: 2-hour minimum between floors and shafts
- Refuge floor / sky lobby: spaced per height (significant for towers >150 m)
- Voice evacuation system (UAE FLS Ch. 6)
- 判定阈值:高于消防部门最低接入面23米
- 要求:至少2部封闭疏散楼梯(交叉通风或加压送风)、2小时耐火等级的前室、全楼喷淋、消防泵+备用水源、控烟系统、首层消防指挥中心、专用消防电梯(符合UAE FLS规范,类似EN 81-72)
- 防火分区:楼层与井道之间至少2小时耐火极限
- 避难层/空中大堂:按高度间隔设置(对于高度>150米的塔楼尤为重要)
- 语音疏散系统(UAE FLS 第6章)
4.4 External Wall Cladding (UAE FLS Ch. 7 -- THE post-Address Downtown clause)
4.4 外墙覆层(UAE FLS 第7章——Address Downtown火灾后新增条款)
After the Address Downtown Hotel (2015 NYE) and Marina Torch (2015) fires, UAE FLS 2018 mandates:
- All buildings above 15 m: external wall composite must achieve Class A1 or A2 (EN 13501-1) for non-combustibility OR Class C-s1,d0 with NFPA 285 passing assembly test
- All external panels must be from approved list (manufactured-and-tested as system)
- Cavity barriers at floor slabs and compartment walls
- Retroactive applicability: existing buildings with non-compliant cladding required to remediate (varies by emirate enforcement; Dubai aggressive, others slower)
- Approval: cladding system must be type-approved by Civil Defence, listed on Civil Defence approved-supplier portal
在2015年新年前夜Address Downtown酒店火灾和Marina Torch火灾后,UAE FLS 2018强制要求:
- 所有高度超过15米的建筑:外墙复合材料必须达到EN 13501-1 A1或A2级(不燃性),或达到C-s1,d0级且组件通过NFPA 285测试
- 所有外墙面板必须来自批准清单(作为系统生产并测试)
- 楼板和防火分区墙体处需设置空腔防火屏障
- 追溯适用性:外墙不合规的既有建筑需进行整改(各酋长国执行力度不同;迪拜执行严格,其他地区较慢)
- 审批要求:外墙系统必须获得民防部门的型式批准,列入民防批准供应商门户
4.5 Sprinklers and Detection
4.5 喷淋与探测系统
- Sprinkler standard: NFPA 13 (with UAE FLS amendments for hot-arid climates -- antifreeze provisions, water-storage volumes)
- Detection: NFPA 72 (with UAE FLS amendments)
- Notification: voice evacuation per UAE FLS Ch. 6 for occupant load > 1000 or assembly group
- Smoke control: NFPA 92 + UAE FLS Ch. 18 for atria, parking garages, high-rises
- 喷淋标准:NFPA 13(结合UAE FLS针对炎热干旱气候的修订——防冻条款、储水量要求)
- 探测标准:NFPA 72(结合UAE FLS修订)
- 报警通知:疏散人数>1000或集会类建筑需按UAE FLS第6章设置语音疏散系统
- 控烟系统:中庭、停车场、高层建筑需符合NFPA 92 + UAE FLS第18章要求
5. Energy Codes
5. 能源规范
5.1 Dubai -- Al Sa'fat (mandatory) + Dubai Green Building Regulations & Specifications 2011
5.1 迪拜——Al Sa'fat(强制)+《2011年迪拜绿色建筑法规与规范》
Dubai Green Building Regulations & Specifications 2011 -- the original mandatory minimum for all new buildings; updated 2016.
Al Sa'fat 2016 -- Dubai's green building rating system; mandatory tiered:
- Bronze Sa'fa -- mandatory minimum for all new buildings (replaces 2011 regulations as compliance route)
- Silver Sa'fa -- mandatory for government-funded buildings
- Gold Sa'fa -- voluntary upgrade
- Platinum Sa'fa -- voluntary highest
Categories: Ecology, Building Vitality, Resource Effectiveness (Energy, Water, Materials), Stakeholder Participation.
Compliance pathway: submitted via DM e-permit portal with Sa'fa Compliance Report at concept/Schematic, DD, and post-completion.
《2011年迪拜绿色建筑法规与规范》——是所有新建建筑最初的强制最低要求;2016年更新。
《2016年Al Sa'fat》——迪拜的绿色建筑评级体系;实行分级强制要求:
- Bronze Sa'fa——所有新建建筑的强制最低要求(取代2011年法规作为合规路径)
- Silver Sa'fa——政府出资建筑强制要求
- Gold Sa'fa——自愿升级选项
- Platinum Sa'fa——自愿最高等级
评级类别:生态、建筑活力、资源效率(能源、水、材料)、利益相关方参与。
合规路径:通过迪拜市政局(DM)电子许可门户提交,在概念/方案设计、深化设计、竣工阶段分别提交Sa'fa合规报告。
5.2 Abu Dhabi -- Estidama Pearl Building Rating System
5.2 阿布扎比——Estidama珍珠建筑评级体系
(See Section 3.2 above.) PBRS targets:
- Energy: 20-40% improvement over ASHRAE 90.1 base
- Water: 35-45% reduction (potable indoor + outdoor)
- Materials: regional sourcing, recycled content
- Indoor environment: per ADIBC + Estidama overlay
(见上文3.2节。)PBRS目标:
- 能源:比ASHRAE 90.1基准提升20-40%
- 水:减少35-45%(室内生活用水+室外用水)
- 材料:本地化采购、可回收成分
- 室内环境:符合ADIBC + Estidama附加要求
5.3 ASHRAE 90.1 baseline
5.3 ASHRAE 90.1基准线
Both Dubai and Abu Dhabi reference ASHRAE 90.1-2010 (older) or 90.1-2016 (varies) as baseline. UAE has no proprietary energy code beyond Estidama/Sa'fa rating overlays.
迪拜和阿布扎比均参考ASHRAE 90.1-2010(旧版)或90.1-2016(视项目而定)作为基准。除Estidama/Sa'fa评级附加要求外,阿联酋没有自主的能源规范。
5.4 Climate Design Parameters
5.4 气候设计参数
UAE is single climate zone in IECC/ASHRAE 169: Zone 1B (Very Hot, Dry) -- but with intense maritime humidity in coastal areas (Dubai, Abu Dhabi coast, Sharjah). Design conditions:
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Cooling design temperature (Dubai) | 46-48 deg C 0.4%-occurrence dry-bulb |
| Cooling design wet-bulb (Dubai, July) | 30-31 deg C |
| Sand/dust storm wind events | 6-12 per year, peak 80 km/h |
| Annual cooling degree days (base 18C) | >5000 |
| Annual heating degree days (base 18C) | ~100-300 (mostly negligible) |
| Solar radiation (global horizontal annual) | 2200-2400 kWh/m2 |
| Diurnal temperature swing (interior) | 15-20 deg C summer |
在IECC/ASHRAE 169气候分区中,阿联酋属于单一气候区:1B区(极热干燥)——但沿海地区(迪拜、阿布扎比海岸、沙迦)有强烈的海洋性湿度。设计条件:
| 参数 | 数值 |
|---|---|
| 制冷设计温度(迪拜) | 46-48℃,0.4%保证率干球温度 |
| 制冷设计湿球温度(迪拜,7月) | 30-31℃ |
| 沙尘暴/沙尘天气 | 每年6-12次,峰值风速80公里/小时 |
| 年制冷度日数(基准18℃) | >5000 |
| 年供暖度日数(基准18℃) | ~100-300(基本可忽略) |
| 太阳辐射(年水平面总辐射) | 2200-2400 kWh/m² |
| 昼夜温差(内陆地区) | 夏季15-20℃ |
5.5 Envelope Targets (Dubai DBC 2021 Ch. 13 + Al Sa'fa)
5.5 围护结构性能指标(迪拜DBC 2021 第13章 + Al Sa'fa)
| Element | Maximum U-value (W/m2K) |
|---|---|
| Roof (cooled spaces) | 0.30 |
| Walls (cooled spaces) | 0.57 |
| Wall (parking, ramps) | 1.50 |
| Glazing | 1.90 |
| Glazing SHGC (max) | 0.32 |
| Visible Light Transmittance | min 0.20 |
| Skylight | 1.90 |
| Skylight SHGC | 0.27 |
| 构件 | 最大U值(W/m²K) |
|---|---|
| 屋顶(空调区域) | 0.30 |
| 外墙(空调区域) | 0.57 |
| 墙体(停车场、坡道) | 1.50 |
| 外窗/玻璃幕墙 | 1.90 |
| 外窗/玻璃幕墙SHGC(最大值) | 0.32 |
| 可见光透射比 | 最小值0.20 |
| 天窗 | 1.90 |
| 天窗SHGC | 0.27 |
6. Accessibility
6. 无障碍设计
6.1 Federal Framework
6.1 联邦层面框架
- Federal Law No. 29/2006 -- Protection of the Rights of People with Special Needs
- Federal Law No. 14/2009 -- amendment
- Federal Law No. 1/2020 (Ratification) -- ratified UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
- National Policy 2017 -- "People of Determination" rebranding by HH Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid
- 第29/2006号联邦法律——《特殊需求人士权利保护法》
- 第14/2009号联邦法律——修订案
- 第1/2020号联邦法律(批准书)——批准《联合国残疾人权利公约》
- 2017年国家政策——由谢赫·穆罕默德·本·拉希德提出的“决心人士”品牌重塑
6.2 Dubai Universal Design Code 2017
6.2 《2017年迪拜通用设计规范》(Dubai UDC 2017)
Issued by Dubai Municipality + Community Development Authority. Project teams in Dubai use this as the primary technical reference.
Key dimensions:
| Element | Required Dimension |
|---|---|
| Accessible route width | 1.5 m clear minimum (1.8 m preferred) |
| Door clear opening | 900 mm internal, 1000 mm entrance |
| Ramp gradient | 1:12 maximum (1:15 preferred) -- with 1.5 x 1.5 m landings every 9 m |
| Cross slope | Maximum 1:50 |
| Accessible lift cabin | 1100 x 1400 mm minimum (for one wheelchair + person); 1100 x 2100 mm for hospital |
| Lift door | 900 mm minimum clear |
| Accessible WC | 2.0 m x 2.2 m (deeper than UAE-DM 2014); grab rails left + right; emergency call |
| Accessible parking | 3.6 m x 5.0 m + 1.5 m access aisle (or 6.0 m wide); coverage from rain/sun preferred |
| Tactile flooring | 60 cm before stair edges, ramps, level changes, doorways, lift entries |
| Drinking fountain | Dual height; lower 800 mm AFFL |
由迪拜市政局与社区发展局联合发布。迪拜的项目团队以此作为主要技术参考。
关键尺寸要求:
| 构件 | 要求尺寸 |
|---|---|
| 无障碍通道宽度 | 最小净宽1.5米(建议1.8米) |
| 门净开口宽度 | 室内900毫米,入口1000毫米 |
| 坡道坡度 | 最大1:12(建议1:15)——每9米设置1.5×1.5米的休息平台 |
| 横坡 | 最大1:50 |
| 无障碍电梯轿厢 | 最小1100×1400毫米(可容纳1辆轮椅+1名陪同人员);医院用1100×2100毫米 |
| 电梯门 | 最小净宽900毫米 |
| 无障碍卫生间 | 2.0×2.2米(比UAE-DM 2014版更深);左右两侧设扶手;紧急呼叫装置 |
| 无障碍停车位 | 3.6×5.0米 + 1.5米宽通道(或总宽6.0米);建议设防雨/遮阳设施 |
| 盲道 | 楼梯边缘、坡道、高差变化处、门口、电梯入口前60厘米处设置 |
| 饮水机 | 双高度;低位高度为地面以上800毫米 |
6.3 Abu Dhabi -- DMA Accessibility Code
6.3 阿布扎比——DMA无障碍规范
Department of Municipalities and Transport (DMT) issues Abu Dhabi Accessibility and Universal Design Guidelines 2014 (under revision). Closely aligned to ADA 2010 dimensions with some Estidama-aligned additions (sensory accessibility credits).
市政与交通部(DMT)发布**《2014年阿布扎比无障碍与通用设计指南》**(正在修订中)。与ADA 2010的尺寸要求高度一致,同时增加了部分符合Estidama要求的内容(感官无障碍评分项)。
6.4 Provision Counts
6.4 无障碍设施配置要求
| Building Type | Accessible Provision |
|---|---|
| Parking | 2% of total with minimum 1 (Dubai); 1 per 50 stalls (Abu Dhabi) |
| WC | Minimum 1 unisex accessible WC per public level; 1 per gender per public WC bank |
| Hotel rooms | 1% of total + roll-in showers in proportion; minimum 1 |
| Assembly seating | 1% with companion seat, distributed |
| Tourist attractions | Sensory-friendly access points; Braille signage at all public information |
| 建筑类型 | 无障碍设施配置要求 |
|---|---|
| 停车场 | 迪拜:总车位的2%,最少1个;阿布扎比:每50个车位设1个 |
| 卫生间 | 每个公共楼层至少设1个男女通用无障碍卫生间;每个公共卫生间组团按性别各设1个 |
| 酒店客房 | 总客房数的1%,并按比例设置 roll-in 淋浴间;最少1间 |
| 集会场所座位 | 总座位数的1%,配陪同座位,分散布置 |
| 旅游景点 | 设置感官友好型出入口;所有公共信息处设盲文标识 |
7. Structural and Loads
7. 结构与荷载
7.1 Loads
7.1 荷载
UAE generally adopts ASCE 7-16 for loads (some projects reference ASCE 7-22), with the following UAE additions:
| Load | Code Reference |
|---|---|
| Dead and Live | ASCE 7-16 Ch. 3-4 |
| Wind | ASCE 7-16 Ch. 26-31; Dubai-specific 3-second-gust map per DBC 2021 Appendix (~46 m/s 0.4% probability) |
| Seismic | Low seismicity; UAE peak ground acceleration generally < 0.10 g; ASCE 7-16 Site Class C-D typical |
| Sand and dust | Site-specific additive load; Dubai requires 0.5 kPa equivalent for facade panels |
| Thermal | ASCE 7 Ch. 5 (uplift)+ specific high-temp thermal expansion analysis for >30 m structures |
阿联酋普遍采用ASCE 7-16作为荷载标准(部分项目参考ASCE 7-22),并附加以下阿联酋本地化要求:
| 荷载类型 | 规范参考 |
|---|---|
| 恒载与活载 | ASCE 7-16 第3-4章 |
| 风荷载 | ASCE 7-16 第26-31章;迪拜有专属的3秒阵风风速图,详见DBC 2021附录(0.4%保证率风速约46米/秒) |
| 地震作用 | 地震活动度低;阿联酋峰值地面加速度通常<0.10g;典型场地类别为ASCE 7-16 C-D类 |
| 沙尘荷载 | 按场地情况附加荷载;迪拜要求外墙面板按0.5 kPa等效荷载计算 |
| 温度作用 | ASCE 7第5章(上拔力)+ 高度超过30米的结构需进行专门的高温热膨胀分析 |
7.2 Concrete and Steel
7.2 混凝土与钢结构
| Material | Code |
|---|---|
| Concrete | ACI 318-19 (Dubai); ACI 318-14 (older Abu Dhabi projects); some EN 1992 acceptance |
| Steel | AISC 360-22 / AISC 341-22 (seismic) |
| Composite | AISC 360-22 / Eurocode 4 |
| Cold-formed steel | AISI S100 |
| Aluminium | AA Aluminium Design Manual |
| Glass curtain wall | ASCE 7 + ASTM E1300 + AAMA standards |
| 材料 | 规范 |
|---|---|
| 混凝土 | ACI 318-19(迪拜);ACI 318-14(阿布扎比老旧项目);部分项目接受EN 1992 |
| 钢结构 | AISC 360-22 / AISC 341-22(抗震) |
| 组合结构 | AISC 360-22 / Eurocode 4 |
| 冷弯薄壁型钢 | AISI S100 |
| 铝合金 | AA铝合金设计手册 |
| 玻璃幕墙 | ASCE 7 + ASTM E1300 + AAMA标准 |
7.3 Soils
7.3 土壤与地基
UAE has substantial calcareous and gypsum-bearing soils in coastal areas (Dubai, Sharjah, Abu Dhabi). Concerns:
- Sulphate attack on concrete (high-sulphate-resistant cement, ACI 201, EN 197-1 SR cement)
- Chloride ingress (ACI 222R, BS 8500-1 Class XS)
- Bearing capacity often modest -- piled foundations common above 20 m height
- High water table (Marina, Bluewaters): permanent dewatering, tanking
- Dubai Marina/Palm: heavy reclaimed sand; dynamic compaction or stone columns standard for ground-improvement
阿联酋沿海地区(迪拜、沙迦、阿布扎比)分布有大量钙质与含石膏土壤。需关注的问题:
- 混凝土的硫酸盐侵蚀(需使用高抗硫酸盐水泥,符合ACI 201、EN 197-1 SR水泥要求)
- 氯离子渗透(ACI 222R、BS 8500-1 XS类)
- 地基承载力通常较低——高度超过20米的建筑普遍采用桩基础
- 地下水位高(滨海区、蓝水岛):需持续降水、设置防水层
- 迪拜滨海/棕榈岛:大量填海砂;地基处理通常采用强夯或碎石桩
8. Planning & Property Frameworks
8. 规划与产权框架
8.1 Dubai Property Framework
8.1 迪拜产权框架
- Freehold ownership available for designated areas (most Dubai by 2025; Abu Dhabi expanding)
- Land Department (DLD) issues Title Deeds; Affection Plan before design
- RERA Dubai (Real Estate Regulatory Authority -- under DLD) -- developer registration, escrow accounts, off-plan sales regulation
- Dubai Strata Law (Direction 3 of 2020 + Joint Property Law) -- for ownership in towers/communities
- 指定区域可获得永久产权(截至2025年迪拜大部分区域已开放;阿布扎比正在扩大开放范围)
- 土地局(DLD)签发产权证;设计前需获取Affection Plan
- 迪拜房地产监管局(RERA Dubai)——隶属于DLD——负责开发商注册、监管托管账户、期房销售监管
- 迪拜分层产权法(2020年第3号指令 + 共有产权法)——适用于塔楼/社区的产权分割
8.2 Built-Up Area (BUA) Definition
8.2 建筑面积(BUA)定义
Dubai uses "Built-Up Area" (BUA) as the carpet equivalent. Critical for FAR/coverage calculation:
- Includes interior spaces, balconies (covered), terraces (covered)
- Excludes mechanical floors, lobbies in some interpretations
- Each master developer may modify -- always confirm
迪拜使用“建筑面积(BUA)”作为计算基准,类似于地毯面积。对容积率/覆盖率计算至关重要:
- 包括室内空间、阳台(有顶)、露台(有顶)
- 部分解释中不包括设备层、大堂
- 各总开发商可能有修改——务必提前确认
8.3 Approval Workflow Dubai
8.3 迪拜审批流程
- Concept design -> DM Building Affection Plan + Trakhees/DDA initial NOC (free zones)
- Master Developer DRG approval (if applicable)
- Schematic design -> Civil Defence pre-approval, DM electronic submission
- Detailed Design -> DM Building Permit; structural calculations submitted; Civil Defence final permit drawing
- Construction -> DM site inspections, milestone approvals (foundation, structure, MEP rough-in, completion)
- Completion -> DM Building Completion Certificate (BCC), DEWA/ETISALAT connections, Civil Defence Completion Certificate, eventual Title Deed
- 概念设计 -> 获取DM地块规划核定图(Affection Plan)+ Trakhees/DDA初步无异议函(自由贸易区项目)
- 总开发商DRG审批(如适用)
- 方案设计 -> 民防部门预审批、DM电子提交
- 深化设计 -> 获取DM建筑许可证;提交结构计算书;民防部门最终许可图纸审批
- 施工阶段 -> DM现场检查、里程碑审批(地基、结构、MEP管线预埋、竣工)
- 竣工阶段 -> 获取DM建筑竣工证书(BCC)、DEWA/ETISALAT接驳、民防竣工证书,最终办理产权证
8.4 Approval Workflow Abu Dhabi
8.4 阿布扎比审批流程
Similar to Dubai but with Estidama Pearl mandate at each stage:
- Pre-construction: 1 Pearl Design Rating minimum
- Construction: 1 Pearl Construction Rating
- Operations: 1 Pearl Operations Rating
与迪拜类似,但每个阶段都需满足Estidama珍珠评级要求:
- 施工前:至少获得1珍珠设计评级
- 施工阶段:获得1珍珠施工评级
- 运营阶段:获得1珍珠运营评级
9. Quick Numeric Reference (UAE / Dubai default)
9. 常用数值速查(阿联酋/迪拜默认标准)
| Parameter | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Floor-to-floor residential | 3.0-3.4 m | Common practice; DBC 2.7 m min clear |
| Floor-to-floor commercial | 4.0-4.5 m | Class A office spec |
| Hotel ceiling height | 2.7 m min clear | Brand standards + DBC |
| Corridor width | 1.5 m residential common, 1.8 m hospitality | DBC + UAE FLS |
| Travel distance (B sprinklered) | 91 m | UAE FLS 2018 Ch. 3 |
| Stair width (assembly >300) | 1500 mm | UAE FLS Ch. 3 + DBC |
| External wall (high-rise) | A1/A2 EN 13501-1 OR NFPA 285 assembly | UAE FLS Ch. 7 |
| Wall U-value (cooled) | 0.57 W/m2K | DBC 2021 Ch. 13 |
| Glass SHGC | 0.32 max | DBC Ch. 13 |
| Wind 3-second gust (Dubai) | 46 m/s | DBC Appendix |
| Parking ratio residential | 1.0-1.5 ECS/dwelling, 0.25 visitor | DBC + Master Developer DRG |
| Parking ratio office | 1 per 50-80 m2 NLA | DBC + master developer |
| 参数 | 数值 | 来源 |
|---|---|---|
| 住宅层高 | 3.0-3.4米 | 通用做法;DBC要求最小净高2.7米 |
| 商业层高 | 4.0-4.5米 | 甲级写字楼标准 |
| 酒店吊顶高度 | 最小净高2.7米 | 品牌标准 + DBC |
| 走廊宽度 | 住宅公共区域1.5米,酒店类1.8米 | DBC + UAE FLS |
| 疏散距离(设喷淋的B类建筑) | 91米 | UAE FLS 2018 第3章 |
| 楼梯宽度(集会类>300人) | 1500毫米 | UAE FLS 第3章 + DBC |
| 高层建筑外墙 | EN 13501-1 A1/A2级 或 NFPA 285认证组件 | UAE FLS 第7章 |
| 外墙U值(空调区域) | 0.57 W/m²K | DBC 2021 第13章 |
| 玻璃SHGC | 最大值0.32 | DBC 第13章 |
| 迪拜3秒阵风风速 | 46米/秒 | DBC附录 |
| 住宅停车配比 | 1.0-1.5个车位/户,0.25个访客车位/户 | DBC + 总开发商DRG |
| 写字楼停车配比 | 每50-80平方米净租赁面积1个 | DBC + 总开发商 |
10. Application Workflow
10. 应用流程
- Identify Emirate (Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, etc.) and sub-jurisdiction (free zone vs city).
- Identify master developer, if any. Obtain their DRG.
- Obtain Affection Plan from DLD (Dubai) or equivalent.
- Confirm cladding compliance regime: UAE FLS Ch. 7 always applies.
- Confirm Estidama Pearl target (Abu Dhabi) or Sa'fa target (Dubai).
- Apply UAE FLS 2018 for fire/life safety (always).
- Apply emirate building code (DBC 2021 Dubai, ADIBC 2013 Abu Dhabi) for structural/envelope/general.
- Apply ASHRAE 90.1 + UAE energy overlays.
- Cite clauses: "UAE FLS 2018 Chapter 3 Section 3.4.2", "DBC 2021 Chapter 13.4.1", "Estidama PBRS 2010 RE-1 Improved Energy Performance", "ADIBC 2013 Section 1006.2".
- 确定酋长国(迪拜、阿布扎比、沙迦等)和次级管辖区域(自由贸易区 vs 主城区)。
- 确定总开发商(如有),获取其DRG文件。
- 从DLD(迪拜)或对应机构获取Affection Plan(地块规划核定图)。
- 确认外墙合规要求:UAE FLS第7章始终适用。
- 确认Estidama珍珠评级目标(阿布扎比)或Sa'fa评级目标(迪拜)。
- 适用UAE FLS 2018作为消防/生命安全依据(始终适用)。
- 适用酋长国建筑规范(迪拜DBC 2021、阿布扎比ADIBC 2013)作为结构/围护/通用要求依据。
- 适用ASHRAE 90.1 + 阿联酋能源附加要求。
- 条款引用格式:“UAE FLS 2018 第3章第3.4.2节”、“DBC 2021 第13.4.1节”、“Estidama PBRS 2010 RE-1 能源性能提升”、“ADIBC 2013 第1006.2节”。
11. Authoritative Sources
11. 权威参考来源
- Dubai Municipality -- dm.gov.ae -- e-permit portal, DBC 2021, Sa'fa
- General Directorate of Civil Defence (UAE) -- moi.gov.ae/civildefence -- UAE FLS Code 2018
- Department of Municipalities and Transport Abu Dhabi (DMT) -- dmt.gov.ae -- ADIBC, Estidama Pearl
- Dubai Land Department (DLD) + RERA Dubai -- dubailand.gov.ae
- Estidama Pearl Rating Manual -- via DMT publications portal
- Trakhees -- trakhees.ae
- Dubai Development Authority (DDA) -- dda.gov.ae
- Federal Authority for Government Human Resources -- for People of Determination policies
- Ministry of Energy and Infrastructure (MoEI) -- moei.gov.ae
Cross-references: load for IBC fundamentals when working in Dubai (DBC is IBC-derived) or Abu Dhabi (ADIBC is IBC-2009-derived); load for general egress principles overlaid by UAE FLS; load for hot-arid climate detailing; load for Sa'fa / Estidama / LEED comparison; load for global accessibility frameworks then apply Dubai UDC 2017 specifics.
building-codesfire-life-safetybuilding-envelopebuilding-sustainabilityaccessibility-design- 迪拜市政局 —— dm.gov.ae —— 电子许可门户、DBC 2021、Sa'fa
- 阿联酋民防总局 —— moi.gov.ae/civildefence —— UAE FLS 2018规范
- 阿布扎比市政与交通部(DMT) —— dmt.gov.ae —— ADIBC、Estidama珍珠评级
- 迪拜土地局(DLD) + 迪拜RERA —— dubailand.gov.ae
- Estidama珍珠评级手册 —— 通过DMT出版物门户获取
- Trakhees —— trakhees.ae
- 迪拜发展局(DDA) —— dda.gov.ae
- 联邦政府人力资源管理局 —— 负责决心人士相关政策
- 能源与基础设施部(MoEI) —— moei.gov.ae
交叉参考:在迪拜(DBC衍生自IBC)或阿布扎比(ADIBC衍生自IBC-2009)工作时,可加载技能获取IBC基础内容;加载技能获取通用疏散原则,再叠加UAE FLS的特殊要求;加载技能获取炎热干旱气候下的围护结构细部设计;加载技能获取Sa'fa / Estidama / LEED的对比;加载技能获取全球无障碍设计框架,再应用迪拜UDC 2017的具体要求。
building-codesfire-life-safetybuilding-envelopebuilding-sustainabilityaccessibility-design