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ChineseCountry: Singapore
国家:新加坡
Architectural code and regulatory reference for projects within the Republic of Singapore. Activate this skill on any reference to Singapore, SGD currency, mention of "BCA" (Building & Construction Authority), "URA", "SCDF", "Green Mark", "HDB", "PUB", "LTA", Singapore Standards (SS), or local Singapore terminology (shophouse, conservation area, GFA, plot ratio).
新加坡共和国境内项目的建筑规范与法规参考资料。当提及新加坡、SGD货币、“BCA”(建设局)、“URA”、“SCDF”、“Green Mark”、“HDB”、“PUB”、“LTA”、新加坡标准(SS)或新加坡本地术语(如店屋、保护区、总建筑面积(GFA)、容积率)时,可激活此技能。
1. Regulatory Hierarchy
1. 法规层级
Singapore operates as Archetype A (Unitary National Code). There is no sub-national variation -- a single building code applies nationally, administered centrally by BCA. Strong, well-integrated authority structure.
新加坡实行A型模式(全国统一规范)。没有地方层面的差异——全国适用统一的建筑规范,由BCA集中管理。监管体系完善且整合度高。
1.1 Authority Stack
1.1 监管架构层级
LEVEL 1 -- NATIONAL (MINISTRY)
Ministry of National Development (MND) -- urban policy
Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment (MSE) -- environment
Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) -- fire/safety
Ministry of Manpower (MOM) -- workplace safety
Ministry of Transport (MOT) -- transit + parking
LEVEL 2 -- STATUTORY BOARDS (executes legislation)
Building and Construction Authority (BCA) -- building control + Green Mark + buildability +
accessibility + structural; lead authority for buildings
Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) -- planning + zoning + conservation + Master Plan
Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF) -- fire safety + shelters; under MHA
Public Utilities Board (PUB) -- water + drainage + WSH
National Environment Agency (NEA) -- pollution, noise (CSEE), waste, vector control
Housing & Development Board (HDB) -- public housing (executes building work as developer)
Land Transport Authority (LTA) -- transport, parking standards
Singapore Land Authority (SLA) -- land titles, state property
JTC Corporation -- industrial estates + business parks
ACRES + Animal & Veterinary Service + NParks -- environmental
LEVEL 3 -- DESIGN PROFESSIONS (qualified persons)
Qualified Persons (QPs) -- under Building Control Act:
QP Architect (Board of Architects Singapore)
QP Engineer (Professional Engineers Board)
QP Structural Engineer (specialized)
QP Mechanical Engineer
QP Electrical Engineer
Resident Technical Officer (RTO) on site
Accredited Checker (AC) -- independent structural checker for major projects
Green Mark Accredited Professional (GMAP) -- for Green Mark certificationLEVEL 1 -- NATIONAL (MINISTRY)
Ministry of National Development (MND) -- urban policy
Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment (MSE) -- environment
Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) -- fire/safety
Ministry of Manpower (MOM) -- workplace safety
Ministry of Transport (MOT) -- transit + parking
LEVEL 2 -- STATUTORY BOARDS (executes legislation)
Building and Construction Authority (BCA) -- building control + Green Mark + buildability +
accessibility + structural; lead authority for buildings
Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) -- planning + zoning + conservation + Master Plan
Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF) -- fire safety + shelters; under MHA
Public Utilities Board (PUB) -- water + drainage + WSH
National Environment Agency (NEA) -- pollution, noise (CSEE), waste, vector control
Housing & Development Board (HDB) -- public housing (executes building work as developer)
Land Transport Authority (LTA) -- transport, parking standards
Singapore Land Authority (SLA) -- land titles, state property
JTC Corporation -- industrial estates + business parks
ACRES + Animal & Veterinary Service + NParks -- environmental
LEVEL 3 -- DESIGN PROFESSIONS (qualified persons)
Qualified Persons (QPs) -- under Building Control Act:
QP Architect (Board of Architects Singapore)
QP Engineer (Professional Engineers Board)
QP Structural Engineer (specialized)
QP Mechanical Engineer
QP Electrical Engineer
Resident Technical Officer (RTO) on site
Accredited Checker (AC) -- independent structural checker for major projects
Green Mark Accredited Professional (GMAP) -- for Green Mark certification1.2 Building Control Act + Building Control Regulations
1.2 建筑管制法与建筑管制规例
The Building Control Act 1989 (BCA) is the primary statute. Subsidiary legislation:
- Building Control Regulations 2003 (with periodic amendments; current 2023-24)
- Building Control (Buildability) Regulations
- Building Control (Accessibility) Regulations
- Building Control (Resilience) Regulations
- Building Control (Existing Buildings) Regulations -- maintenance, retrofitting
Plus the Codes of Practice ("Approved Documents" equivalents):
- Approved Document (AD) Building Control Regulations
- AD on Accessibility 2019 (Code on Accessibility in the Built Environment)
- AD on Environmental Sustainability of Buildings 2018
- AD on Barrier-Free Accessibility (replaced by 2019 Code on Accessibility)
《1989年建筑管制法》(BCA)是核心法律。附属法例包括:
- 《2003年建筑管制规例》(定期修订,当前版本为2023-24年版)
- 《建筑管制(可建造性)规例》
- 《建筑管制(无障碍)规例》
- 《建筑管制(韧性)规例》
- 《建筑管制(既有建筑物)规例》——涵盖维护、改造
此外还有实务守则(相当于“核准文件”):
- 建筑管制规例核准文件(AD)
- 2019年无障碍核准文件(即《建筑环境无障碍规范》)
- 2018年建筑物环境可持续性核准文件
- 无障碍通行核准文件(已被2019年无障碍规范取代)
2. Building Code Core Requirements
2. 建筑规范核心要求
2.1 Building Classification (Building Control Regulations)
2.1 建筑分类(建筑管制规例)
Singapore uses Purpose Group classification (similar to UK Building Regulations historical approach):
| Purpose Group | Description |
|---|---|
| I | Residential -- private dwellings (houses, apartments) |
| II | Residential institution -- hotels, hostels, retirement homes |
| III | Place of public resort -- assembly, recreation |
| IV | Educational |
| V | Office |
| VI | Shop |
| VII | Factory |
| VIII | Storage (general / hazardous distinguished) |
新加坡采用用途组分类(类似英国建筑规范的历史分类方式):
| 用途组 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| I | 住宅类——私人住宅(独栋住宅、公寓) |
| II | 居住机构类——酒店、旅舍、养老院 |
| III | 公共聚集场所类——集会、休闲娱乐 |
| IV | 教育类 |
| V | 办公类 |
| VI | 商业类 |
| VII | 工业厂房类 |
| VIII | 仓储类(区分普通/危险品) |
2.2 GFA Definition (URA, BCA, IRAS)
2.2 GFA定义(URA、BCA、IRAS)
A critical definition. Singapore's GFA (Gross Floor Area) is precisely defined and used for:
- URA plot-ratio compliance
- BCA permit application
- IRAS property tax
- Strata title issuance
GFA includes (URA Handbook):
- All covered floor areas, including stairs, lift shafts, lift lobbies, common corridors
- Balconies (counted to GFA; bonus from URA in some schemes)
- Recreational ancillaries (limited bonus)
- Excluded: void above stairs, planter recess (subject to limits), bay window above 200 mm sill, certain landscape decks (subject to URA)
这是一个核心定义。新加坡的GFA(总建筑面积)有明确的定义,用于以下场景:
- URA容积率合规核查
- BCA许可申请
- 新加坡税务局(IRAS)财产税计算
- 分层地契发放
GFA包含范围(URA手册):
- 所有有盖楼层面积,包括楼梯、电梯井、电梯厅、公共走廊
- 阳台(计入GFA;部分计划中URA会给予豁免面积奖励)
- 休闲配套设施(有限额的豁免奖励)
- 不计入范围:楼梯上方挑空、花槽凹位(受限额限制)、窗台高度超过200毫米的凸窗、部分景观平台(需经URA审批)
2.3 Plot Ratio (URA Master Plan 2019)
2.3 容积率(URA 2019年总蓝图)
URA's Master Plan defines plot ratio (GPR -- Gross Plot Ratio) by zone:
- Residential zones: 1.4 - 4.2 (varies by zone type)
- Commercial zones: 4.2 - 12.0+ (CBD)
- Mixed-Use (RD): 2.8 - 4.2
- Industrial (Business 1): 1.0 - 2.5
- Industrial (Business 2): 1.4 - 2.5
URA also imposes:
- Site coverage limits (varies by zone)
- Building height limits (varies; "Height Restriction" or "Storey" controlled; some areas height-controlled due to aviation)
- Setbacks -- per zone-specific Development Control Plans
- Sun-shadow studies for tall buildings near sensitive sites
URA的总蓝图按区域划定容积率(GPR——总容积率):
- 住宅区:1.4 - 4.2(因区域类型而异)
- 商业区:4.2 - 12.0+(中央商务区(CBD))
- 混合用途区(RD):2.8 - 4.2
- 工业区(商业1类):1.0 - 2.5
- 工业区(商业2类):1.4 - 2.5
URA还提出以下要求:
- 建筑覆盖率限制(因区域而异)
- 建筑高度限制(因区域而异;分为“高度限制”或“层数”管控;部分区域因航空要求实行高度管制)
- 建筑退距——依据各区域专属的发展管制规划执行
- 敏感用地附近的高层建筑需开展日照阴影研究
2.4 Setback & Coverage (Indicative)
2.4 建筑退距与覆盖率(参考值)
| Zone | Plot Ratio | Coverage | Setbacks |
|---|---|---|---|
| Landed (R1) | 1.4 | 40-50% | 3 m front, 2 m side, 2-3 m rear |
| Condominium (R2) | 1.4-2.8 | 35-45% | per detailed plan |
| Apartment (R3) | 2.1-2.8 | 35-45% | per detailed plan |
| Commercial (CBD) | 12.6+ | 100% (often podium-then-tower) | mostly to lot line at ground |
| Mixed-Use (RD) | 2.8-4.2 | 50-60% | per plan |
| Business 1 (industrial) | 2.5 | 50-60% | varies |
| 区域类型 | 容积率 | 建筑覆盖率 | 建筑退距 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 有地住宅(R1) | 1.4 | 40-50% | 正面3米,侧面2米,背面2-3米 |
| 公寓(R2) | 1.4-2.8 | 35-45% | 依据详细规划 |
| 公寓(R3) | 2.1-2.8 | 35-45% | 依据详细规划 |
| 商业(CBD) | 12.6+ | 100%(通常为裙楼加塔楼形式) | 地面层大多贴用地红线 |
| 混合用途(RD) | 2.8-4.2 | 50-60% | 依据规划 |
| 商业1类(工业) | 2.5 | 50-60% | 视情况而定 |
2.5 Height Control
2.5 高度控制
Singapore is unusual: there are strong island-wide aviation height controls centred on Changi + Paya Lebar + Seletar airfields. Within obstacle limitation surfaces, building height is restricted. Even the CBD has height controls in the tower zone (~280 m) per Changi conical surface. Significant for design: the Changi Conical Surface tops out tower heights in Marina Bay and downtown.
新加坡的特殊之处在于:以樟宜、巴耶利峇、实里达机场为中心,全岛有严格的航空高度管制。在障碍物限制面范围内,建筑高度受到约束。即便是CBD的塔楼区域,也因樟宜锥形面限制存在高度管控(约280米)。对设计影响重大的是:樟宜锥形面决定了滨海湾和市中心的塔楼最高高度。
2.6 Conservation Areas
2.6 保护区
URA has conservation status for many shophouse and heritage areas (Chinatown, Boat Quay, Tanjong Pagar, Joo Chiat, Little India, Kampong Glam, Tiong Bahru, etc.). Strict facade + roof line + materials preservation rules.
URA对众多店屋和历史遗产区划定了保护身份(如唐人街、驳船码头、丹戎巴葛、如切、小印度、甘榜格南、中峇鲁等)。对立面、屋顶轮廓线、建筑材料的保护有严格规定。
3. Fire Safety (SCDF Fire Code 2018)
3. 消防安全(SCDF 2018年消防规范)
3.1 SCDF Fire Code 2018
3.1 SCDF 2018年消防规范
Issued by Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF), under Fire Safety Act 1993 + Fire Safety (Building Fire Safety) Regulations. The 2018 edition is the operative version (with errata + amendments). Comprehensive code organized into:
| Chapter | Topic |
|---|---|
| 1 | Administrative |
| 2 | Definitions |
| 3 | Means of Escape |
| 4 | Compartmentation |
| 5 | Fire Resistance |
| 6 | Internal Lining + Surfaces |
| 7 | External Walls and Roofs |
| 8 | Fire Engine Access + Setting Down Points |
| 9 | Fire Hydrants + Risers + Hose Reels |
| 10 | Sprinkler Systems (Singapore National Standards-aligned) |
| 11 | Fire Detection + Voice Communication |
| 12 | Smoke Control + Pressurization |
| 13 | Emergency Lighting + Exit Signage |
| 14 | Refuge Floors |
| 15 | Specific Occupancies (mall, MRT station, hospital, retail, etc.) |
| 16 | Existing Buildings |
| 17 | Performance-Based Approach (Fire Engineering) |
由新加坡民防部队(SCDF)依据《1993年消防安全法》及《消防安全(建筑物消防安全)规例》发布。2018年版为现行有效版本(含勘误与修订)。该规范内容全面,章节划分如下:
| 章节 | 主题 |
|---|---|
| 1 | 行政规定 |
| 2 | 术语定义 |
| 3 | 疏散通道 |
| 4 | 防火分隔 |
| 5 | 耐火性能 |
| 6 | 内部衬里与表面 |
| 7 | 外墙与屋顶 |
| 8 | 消防车通道与上下客点 |
| 9 | 消防栓、立管与消防卷盘 |
| 10 | 自动喷水灭火系统(符合新加坡国家标准) |
| 11 | 火灾探测与语音通信 |
| 12 | 烟气控制与加压送风 |
| 13 | 应急照明与出口标识 |
| 14 | 避难层 |
| 15 | 特殊场所(商场、地铁站、医院、零售场所等) |
| 16 | 既有建筑 |
| 17 | 性能化设计方法(消防工程) |
3.2 Means of Escape (SCDF Fire Code Ch. 3)
3.2 疏散通道(SCDF消防规范第3章)
Singapore is closer to UK (Approved Documents B/9999) than US (IBC). Key:
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Travel distance one-direction (office sprinklered) | 25 m |
| Travel distance two-direction (office sprinklered) | 45 m |
| Travel distance assembly two-direction | 32 m |
| Max stair travel distance from any point on floor to stair | per above |
| Stair width minimum | 1.10 m (capacity 5 mm/person sprinklered, 7.5 mm unsprinklered) |
| Stair width (Purpose Group III assembly) | 1.20 m |
| Min door clear width | 850 mm general; 950 mm escape |
| Maximum corridor without fire-resistant separation | 12 m |
相较于美国(IBC),新加坡的规定更接近英国(核准文件B/9999)。核心参数:
| 参数 | 数值 |
|---|---|
| 单方向疏散距离(设喷淋的办公建筑) | 25米 |
| 双方向疏散距离(设喷淋的办公建筑) | 45米 |
| 集会场所双方向疏散距离 | 32米 |
| 楼层任意点至楼梯的最大疏散距离 | 参照上述规定 |
| 楼梯最小宽度 | 1.10米(设喷淋建筑按5毫米/人计算通行能力,未设喷淋按7.5毫米/人计算) |
| 楼梯宽度(用途组III集会场所) | 1.20米 |
| 门最小净宽 | 通用850毫米;疏散门950毫米 |
| 无防火分隔的走廊最大长度 | 12米 |
3.3 Compartmentation (SCDF Ch. 4-5)
3.3 防火分隔(SCDF第4-5章)
| Element | Fire Resistance |
|---|---|
| Internal load-bearing walls / floors (residential >18 m) | 90 min |
| Compartment walls between dwellings | 60 min |
| Stair walls / lobby walls | 60 min |
| Lift shaft walls | 60 min |
| Riser shafts | 60 min |
| Compartment areas: residential (per dwelling) | max 4000 m2 |
| Compartment areas: office sprinklered | max 6000 m2 |
| Compartment areas: industrial | varies by hazard |
| 构件 | 耐火极限 |
|---|---|
| 内部承重墙/楼板(高度超过18米的住宅) | 90分钟 |
| 住宅单元之间的分隔墙 | 60分钟 |
| 楼梯间墙/前室墙 | 60分钟 |
| 电梯井道墙 | 60分钟 |
| 设备立管井道 | 60分钟 |
| 防火分区面积:住宅(按单元计) | 最大4000平方米 |
| 防火分区面积:设喷淋的办公建筑 | 最大6000平方米 |
| 防火分区面积:工业建筑 | 依火灾危险性而定 |
3.4 Cladding (SCDF Fire Code Ch. 7 -- post-Grenfell update)
3.4 外墙覆层(SCDF消防规范第7章——格伦费尔事件后更新)
Post-Grenfell (and post-Sentosa apartments cladding incident), Singapore tightened:
- Buildings >= 24 m height -- external wall must be A1 or A2 non-combustible
- All buildings >= 12 m with combustible insulation -- must pass full-scale test BS 8414-1/-2 OR equivalent (no AS 5113)
- Cavity barriers at every compartment floor + every 10 m horizontally
- Approval by SCDF + testing certification
在格伦费尔塔火灾(以及圣淘沙公寓覆层事件)后,新加坡收紧了相关规定:
- 高度≥24米的建筑——外墙必须为A1或A2级不燃材料
- 所有高度≥12米且采用可燃保温材料的建筑——必须通过BS 8414-1/-2全尺寸测试或等效标准(不认可AS 5113)
- 每层防火分区楼板处及水平方向每10米设置空腔阻隔件
- 需经SCDF审批并提供测试认证
3.5 High-Rise & Refuge
3.5 高层建筑与避难层
SCDF Fire Code definitions:
- High-rise = building >= 24 m
- Tall building = building >= 60 m -- additional requirements
- Super tall = building >= 200 m -- specific performance-based approach
Refuge floors: required every 20 storeys in residential, every 10 storeys in office/hotel for buildings >= 60 m height. Refuge floor: full storey, ventilated to outside, no other occupancy, dedicated firefighter facilities.
SCDF消防规范定义:
- 高层建筑 = 高度≥24米的建筑
- 超高层建筑 = 高度≥60米的建筑——需满足额外要求
- 摩天建筑 = 高度≥200米的建筑——需采用专门的性能化设计方法
避难层:高度≥60米的建筑中,住宅类每20层设置一个避难层,办公/酒店类每10层设置一个避难层。避难层要求:整层设置、对外通风、无其他使用功能、配备专用消防设施。
3.6 Performance-Based Fire Engineering
3.6 性能化消防工程
SCDF Fire Code Ch. 17 explicitly permits fire engineering analyses (CFD modelling, evacuation analysis, structural fire analysis) as alternative compliance. Many large Singapore projects use this route (e.g., Marina Bay Sands, Jewel Changi).
SCDF消防规范第17章明确允许采用消防工程分析(CFD模拟、疏散分析、结构抗火分析)作为替代合规方式。新加坡许多大型项目均采用此路径(如滨海湾金沙、星耀樟宜)。
4. Energy Code
4. 能源规范
4.1 Building Control (Environmental Sustainability) Regulations 2008
4.1 《2008年建筑管制(环境可持续性)规例》
Singapore was first country to make green building mandatory (since 2008):
- All new buildings must achieve minimum Green Mark Certified rating -- this is the legal minimum
- Government-funded buildings: minimum Green Mark Platinum (2022 onwards)
- Major renovations to existing buildings: minimum Green Mark Certified
新加坡是全球首个强制推行绿色建筑的国家(自2008年起):
- 所有新建筑必须至少达到Green Mark认证级评级——这是法定最低要求
- 政府出资建筑:2022年起至少达到Green Mark白金级
- 既有建筑的大型改造:至少达到Green Mark认证级
4.2 BCA Green Mark 2021
4.2 BCA Green Mark 2021
Latest framework. 7 categories:
- Energy Efficiency
- Water Efficiency
- Indoor Environmental Quality
- Sustainable Operations + Management
- Smart and Healthy Buildings
- Other Green Features
- Whole Life Carbon
Ratings: Green Mark Certified, Gold, Gold-Plus, Platinum, Super Low Energy, Zero Energy, Positive Energy.
The 2021 framework progressively raises the floor; Green Mark "Certified" is now ~28% energy improvement over baseline.
最新版框架包含7个评估类别:
- 能源效率
- 水资源效率
- 室内环境质量
- 可持续运营与管理
- 智慧健康建筑
- 其他绿色特性
- 全生命周期碳
评级包括:Green Mark认证级、金级、金加级、白金级、超低能耗、零能耗、正能耗。
2021版框架逐步提高了准入门槛;目前Green Mark“认证级”要求相比基准线节能约28%。
4.3 SS 530:2014 (Air-conditioning + IAQ) + SS 530:2019 (revised)
4.3 SS 530:2014(空调与室内空气质量)及SS 530:2019(修订版)
Singapore Standard for air-conditioning + indoor air quality. Tropical climate-specific (no heating). Defines minimum efficiency for AC equipment, ventilation rates, IAQ thresholds.
新加坡空调与室内空气质量标准。针对热带气候制定(无采暖要求)。规定了空调设备的最低效率、通风率、室内空气质量阈值。
4.4 SS 568:2011 -- Lighting
4.4 SS 568:2011——照明
Energy-efficient lighting standards.
节能照明标准。
4.5 Code on Environmental Sustainability of Buildings 2018
4.5 《2018年建筑物环境可持续性规范》
The technical companion to Green Mark. Specifies:
- Envelope Thermal Transfer Value (ETTV) target: <= 50 W/m2 (commercial); <= 25 W/m2 (residential) -- effectively combined U-value + solar gain metric for tropical climates
- Roof Thermal Transfer Value (RTTV) target: <= 50 W/m2 (commercial); <= 25 W/m2 (residential)
- WTTV -- Window Thermal Transfer Value (combined U + SHGC)
- GFA-weighted Energy Use Intensity (EUI) target by building type
Green Mark的技术配套文件。明确规定:
- 围护结构热传递值(ETTV) 目标值:商业建筑≤50瓦/平方米;住宅建筑≤25瓦/平方米——是热带气候下综合U值与太阳得热的有效指标
- 屋顶热传递值(RTTV) 目标值:商业建筑≤50瓦/平方米;住宅建筑≤25瓦/平方米
- WTTV——窗户热传递值(综合U值与太阳得热系数(SHGC))
- 按建筑类型划分的GFA加权能源使用强度(EUI) 目标值
4.6 Climate Design Parameters
4.6 气候设计参数
Singapore is single climate zone -- equatorial tropical (Köppen Af; ASHRAE 1A):
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Cooling design DB (0.4%) | 33-34 °C |
| Cooling design WB | 28-29 °C (very humid) |
| Annual CDD (base 18°C) | 5500+ |
| Annual HDD (base 18°C) | ~0 (no heating ever) |
| Annual GHI | ~1700-1800 kWh/m2 |
| Average RH | 75-85% |
| Rainfall | ~2400 mm/year |
| Lightning days | 170+ per year (highest globally) |
| Wind 3-sec gust | 33-35 m/s 0.4% |
新加坡属于单一气候区——赤道热带气候(柯本气候分类Köppen Af;ASHRAE 1A):
| 参数 | 数值 |
|---|---|
| 制冷设计干球温度(0.4%保证率) | 33-34℃ |
| 制冷设计湿球温度 | 28-29℃(湿度极高) |
| 年制冷度日数(基准18℃) | 5500+ |
| 年采暖度日数(基准18℃) | ~0(全年无采暖需求) |
| 年水平面总辐照量 | ~1700-1800千瓦时/平方米 |
| 平均相对湿度 | 75-85% |
| 年降雨量 | ~2400毫米/年 |
| 年雷暴日数 | 170+天(全球最高) |
| 3秒阵风风速(0.4%保证率) | 33-35米/秒 |
4.7 Heat Stress + Outdoor Comfort
4.7 热应力与室外舒适度
Singapore-specific: many planning regulations require Wind Tunnel Test for buildings >= 30 storeys to evaluate ground-level wind comfort; Pedestrian-level Thermal Comfort (PTC) assessment using PET (Physiological Equivalent Temperature) increasingly mandated.
新加坡特有要求:许多规划规定要求30层及以上建筑进行风洞测试,以评估地面层风环境舒适度;采用生理等效温度(PET)开展行人高度热舒适度(PTC) 评估的要求也日益普及。
5. Accessibility (BCA Code on Accessibility 2019)
5. 无障碍设计(BCA 2019年无障碍规范)
5.1 BCA Code on Accessibility 2019
5.1 BCA 2019年无障碍规范
3rd edition; supersedes 2013. Aligned to international best practice + ISO 21542 with Singapore adaptations.
第3版;取代2013年版。符合国际最佳实践与ISO 21542标准,并结合新加坡本地情况调整。
5.2 Key Dimensions
5.2 核心尺寸要求
| Element | Dimension |
|---|---|
| Accessible route | 1.5 m clear (1.8 m preferred) |
| Door clear width | 850 mm (900 mm preferred); 1000 mm at main entrance |
| Ramp gradient | 1:12 max (with 1.5 x 1.5 m landings every 9 m); 1:15 preferred |
| Lift cabin | 1100 x 1400 mm minimum (Type 1); 1100 x 2100 mm hospital |
| Accessible WC | 1500 x 2000 mm minimum (Singapore standard slightly less than UK) |
| Accessible parking | 3500 mm width + 1500 mm aisle |
| Tactile flooring | Per ISO 23599; at lift entries, stair tops/bottoms, level changes |
| Hearing loop | All assembly areas > 100 occupants |
| Universal Design Mark | Voluntary upgrade per UD Index assessment |
| 构件 | 尺寸要求 |
|---|---|
| 无障碍通道 | 净宽1.5米(建议1.8米) |
| 门净宽 | 850毫米(建议900毫米);主入口1000毫米 |
| 坡道坡度 | 最大1:12(每9米设置1.5×1.5米的休息平台);建议1:15 |
| 电梯轿厢 | 最小1100×1400毫米(1型);医院用1100×2100毫米 |
| 无障碍卫生间 | 最小1500×2000毫米(新加坡标准略低于英国) |
| 无障碍停车位 | 宽度3500毫米,附带1500毫米宽通道 |
| 盲道 | 符合ISO 23599;设置于电梯入口、楼梯上下端、标高变化处 |
| 助听系统 | 所有容纳人数超过100人的集会场所均需设置 |
| 通用设计标志 | 依据通用设计(UD)指数评估的自愿升级认证 |
5.3 BCA Universal Design Mark
5.3 BCA通用设计标志
Voluntary higher-tier certification:
- UD Mark Goldplus, Gold, Certified
- Awarded to projects achieving comprehensive UD principles (older + younger + parent-with-pram + tourist with luggage etc.)
自愿性的更高等级认证:
- UD标志金加级、金级、认证级
- 授予全面践行通用设计原则的项目(适用于老年人、儿童、推婴儿车的家长、携带行李的游客等各类人群)
5.4 Provision Counts
5.4 配置数量要求
- Accessible parking: 1 per 50 lots (1 per 30 lots for hospitals)
- Accessible WC: 1 per gender per WC bank in public buildings
- Accessible apartments (HDB + private): 100% of new HDB units accessible (Singapore unique -- public housing 100%); private 1-5% typical
- Hotel accessible rooms: 1 per 50 minimum, distributed across categories
- 无障碍停车位:每50个车位设置1个(医院每30个设置1个)
- 无障碍卫生间:公共建筑中每个卫生间组团按性别各设1个
- 无障碍公寓(HDB与私人住宅):HDB新建单元100%无障碍(新加坡独有——公共住房全无障碍);私人住宅通常为1-5%
- 酒店无障碍客房:每50间客房至少设置1间,且分布于不同房型
5.5 HDB Universal Design
5.5 HDB通用设计
All HDB (public housing) new builds since 2006 incorporate UD features as default:
- Step-free entry
- Wider doorways
- Grab-bar provisions
- Accessible bathrooms (with optional fitted-out grab bars)
自2006年起,所有HDB(公共住房)新建项目默认配备通用设计要素:
- 无台阶入口
- 加宽门洞
- 扶手预留安装条件
- 无障碍卫生间(可选择安装成品扶手)
6. Structural and Loads (SS EN Eurocodes)
6. 结构与荷载(SS EN Eurocodes)
6.1 Singapore-Adopted Eurocodes (SS EN)
6.1 新加坡采用的Eurocodes(SS EN)
Singapore officially adopted Eurocodes 2013-2015 with Singapore National Annexes:
| SS EN | Topic |
|---|---|
| SS EN 1990 + NA | Basis |
| SS EN 1991-1-1 + NA | Imposed loads |
| SS EN 1991-1-2 + NA | Fire |
| SS EN 1991-1-3 + NA | (snow, not applicable) |
| SS EN 1991-1-4 + NA | Wind -- Singapore-specific values |
| SS EN 1991-1-5 + NA | Thermal |
| SS EN 1992 + NA | Concrete |
| SS EN 1993 + NA | Steel |
| SS EN 1994 + NA | Composite |
| SS EN 1995 + NA | Timber |
| SS EN 1996 + NA | Masonry |
| SS EN 1997 + NA | Geotechnical -- Singapore tropical soft soils provisions |
| SS EN 1998 + NA | Seismic -- Singapore far-field (intra-plate) seismicity |
新加坡于2013-2015年正式采用Eurocodes,并配套发布了新加坡国家附录:
| SS EN标准 | 主题 |
|---|---|
| SS EN 1990 + 国家附录 | 结构设计基础 |
| SS EN 1991-1-1 + 国家附录 | 可变荷载 |
| SS EN 1991-1-2 + 国家附录 | 火灾作用 |
| SS EN 1991-1-3 + 国家附录 | (雪荷载,不适用) |
| SS EN 1991-1-4 + 国家附录 | 风荷载——新加坡本地参数 |
| SS EN 1991-1-5 + 国家附录 | 温度作用 |
| SS EN 1992 + 国家附录 | 混凝土结构 |
| SS EN 1993 + 国家附录 | 钢结构 |
| SS EN 1994 + 国家附录 | 组合结构 |
| SS EN 1995 + 国家附录 | 木结构 |
| SS EN 1996 + 国家附录 | 砌体结构 |
| SS EN 1997 + 国家附录 | 岩土工程——新加坡热带软土规定 |
| SS EN 1998 + 国家附录 | 抗震——新加坡远场(板内)地震活动 |
6.2 Wind (SS EN 1991-1-4 + Singapore NA)
6.2 风荷载(SS EN 1991-1-4 + 新加坡国家附录)
- Basic wind velocity vb,0 = 25 m/s (1-in-50-year mean, 10-min average); equivalent 3-second gust = 33-35 m/s
- Adjusted for tropical climate, terrain, building height per Eurocode methodology
- 基本风速vb,0 = 25米/秒(50年一遇,10分钟平均);等效3秒阵风风速为33-35米/秒
- 根据Eurocode方法,结合热带气候、地形、建筑高度进行调整
6.3 Seismic (SS EN 1998-1 + Singapore NA)
6.3 抗震(SS EN 1998-1 + 新加坡国家附录)
Singapore is intra-plate, far from major faults, but has experienced felt earthquakes from Sumatra (1833, 1861, 2007). Singapore NA defines:
- Reference PGA ~0.05-0.10 g for 475-year return
- All structures > 4 storeys require seismic analysis per Eurocode 8 + Singapore NA
- For taller buildings: site-specific response spectrum analysis
新加坡属于板内区域,远离主要断层,但曾受苏门答腊地震影响(1833年、1861年、2007年)而有震感。新加坡国家附录规定:
- 475年重现期的参考峰值地面加速度(PGA)约为0.05-0.10g
- 所有4层以上建筑需依据Eurocode 8及新加坡国家附录进行抗震分析
- 更高建筑需进行场地特定反应谱分析
6.4 Geotechnical -- Soft Clay
6.4 岩土工程——软黏土
Singapore has substantial Marine Clay deposits (15-30 m thick in much of central + east), plus Old Alluvium + Jurong sedimentary + Bukit Timah Granite. Foundation design:
- Piled foundations standard for buildings > 3 storeys in soft clay
- Bored piles to bedrock common for tall buildings
- Driven piles in firmer ground
- Diaphragm walls + top-down construction common for deep basements (MRT-induced ground movement)
新加坡有大量海相黏土沉积(中部和东部大部分区域厚度达15-30米),此外还有老冲积层、侏罗纪沉积岩和武吉知马花岗岩。基础设计要点:
- 软黏土区域3层以上建筑默认采用桩基础
- 高层建筑通常采用钻孔灌注桩,桩端嵌入基岩
- 较硬土层中采用打入桩
- 深地下室通常采用地下连续墙+逆作法施工(应对MRT施工引起的地面位移)
7. Specialised Sub-Codes
7. 专项规范
7.1 Code of Practice on Buildability (BCA)
7.1 可建造性实务守则(BCA)
Singapore mandates Buildable Design Score (BDS) + Constructability Score (CS) assessments under the Buildability Regulations. Targets driven by Buildable Design Appraisal System.
新加坡根据《可建造性规例》强制要求进行可建造设计评分(BDS)与施工性评分(CS) 评估。评分目标由可建造设计评估体系制定。
7.2 Code on Vehicle Parking (LTA)
7.2 车辆停放规范(LTA)
LTA's standards for parking provision per building type, with growing emphasis on EV charging:
- Office: 1 per 200 m2 GFA (CBD/MRT area); 1 per 100 m2 (suburb)
- Residential: 1 per dwelling (HDB / executive condo); 1 per 100 m2 (private)
- EV charging readiness: 1% of stalls (rising to ~15% by 2030)
LTA制定的按建筑类型划分的停车位配置标准,日益重视电动汽车(EV)充电设施:
- 办公建筑:CBD/地铁沿线区域每200平方米GFA配置1个;郊区每100平方米配置1个
- 住宅:HDB/执行公寓每户1个;私人住宅每100平方米GFA配置1个
- 充电桩预留:1%的停车位(到2030年将提升至约15%)
7.3 PUB Code on Drainage + Plumbing
7.3 PUB排水与给排水规范
- Stormwater detention required for sites > 0.2 ha (Drainage Code 2018)
- Greywater + rainwater systems for Green Mark Platinum
- Water Conservation Tax + Water Efficiency Labelling Scheme (WELS)
- 占地面积超过0.2公顷的场地需设置雨水调蓄设施(依据2018年排水规范)
- Green Mark白金级项目需设置中水+雨水收集系统
- 征收水资源保护税,推行用水效率标签计划(WELS)
7.4 NEA Noise Control
7.4 NEA噪音管制
- Construction noise: 75 dBA daytime, 65 dBA night per NEA Environmental Public Health Act
- Building services noise: per BCA Code on Environmental Sustainability of Buildings
- 施工噪音:依据NEA《环境公共卫生法》,白天75分贝(A),夜间65分贝(A)
- 建筑设备噪音:依据BCA《建筑物环境可持续性规范》
7.5 Workplace Safety and Health Act (MOM)
7.5 工作场所安全与健康法(MOM)
Construction-phase safety. For design: ensure safe access for maintenance (e.g., facade access strategy required at design stage per WSH Maintenance Regulations).
适用于施工阶段安全。设计层面要求:确保维护期间的安全通道(例如,依据WSH维护规例,设计阶段需制定立面维护通道方案)。
8. Approval Workflow
8. 审批流程
8.1 Standard Workflow
8.1 标准流程
- Provisional Planning Permission (PPP) from URA -- check zoning, height, GPR, conservation
- Submit Planning Permission application (URA) with concept design
- Provisional Building Plan (BP) submission to BCA -- preliminary technical check
- Final Building Plan submission to BCA -- with structural calculations, fire engineering, accessibility audit, environmental sustainability evidence (Green Mark)
- Fire Safety Certificate submission to SCDF -- Fire Safety Plan
- Permit to Commence Work (BCA)
- Construction stages: foundation works, structural works -- BCA milestone certifications by Accredited Checker
- Sub-contractor approvals for specific trades (lift, fire systems, AC)
- Pre-TOP (Temporary Occupation Permit) checks -- BCA + SCDF + PUB + LTA + URA
- TOP issued by BCA
- CSC (Certificate of Statutory Completion) issued when all final works + landscape + utilities complete
- Green Mark certification issued in parallel
- 向URA申请临时规划许可(PPP)——核查分区、高度、总容积率、保护要求
- 向URA提交规划许可申请,附概念设计
- 向BCA提交临时建筑蓝图(BP)——进行初步技术核查
- 向BCA提交最终建筑蓝图——附结构计算书、消防工程设计、无障碍审核报告、环境可持续性证明(Green Mark相关)
- 向SCDF提交消防安全证书申请——附消防安全方案
- 获得BCA颁发的开工许可
- 施工阶段:基础工程、结构工程——由认可核查员(AC)进行BCA里程碑认证
- 专项工程分包商资质审批(电梯、消防系统、空调)
- 临时占用许可(TOP)前置核查——由BCA、SCDF、PUB、LTA、URA联合开展
- BCA颁发临时占用许可(TOP)
- 所有收尾工程、景观、公用设施完工后,颁发法定完工证书(CSC)
- 同步发放Green Mark认证
8.2 Qualified Persons (QP) System
8.2 注册专业人士(QP)制度
Singapore relies on a QP-led system: design by registered QP (architect/engineer), construction supervised by QP, structural design checked by independent Accredited Checker (AC), built work checked by QP. BCA's role is statutory approval + audit, not full plan-check.
新加坡实行QP主导的制度:由注册QP(建筑师/工程师)负责设计,QP负责施工监督,独立认可核查员(AC)负责结构设计核查,QP负责完工工程核查。BCA的职责是法定审批与审计,而非全面的图纸审核。
8.3 Master Builder + Builder Licensing
8.3 总承建商与承建商牌照制度
Builder must be registered with BCA (different grades by project value). For projects > S$3 million, full BCA Builder License required.
承建商必须在BCA注册(按项目价值划分不同等级)。项目金额超过300万新元(S$)的,需持有完整的BCA承建商牌照。
9. Quick Numeric Reference
9. 常用数值速查
| Parameter | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Floor-to-floor residential (HDB) | 2.8-3.0 m | HDB Design Guide; 2.5 m clear min |
| Floor-to-floor residential (private) | 2.9-3.2 m | Industry; 2.4 m clear min per BC |
| Floor-to-floor office | 3.8-4.2 m | BCA Guide; 2.7 m clear min |
| Floor-to-floor hotel | 3.0-3.4 m | Brand + BCA |
| Door clear width (accessible) | 850-900 mm | BCA Code on Accessibility 2019 |
| Stair width minimum | 1100 mm | SCDF Fire Code Ch. 3 |
| Travel distance B sprinklered (1-direction) | 25 m | SCDF Fire Code Ch. 3 |
| Travel distance B sprinklered (2-direction) | 45 m | SCDF Fire Code Ch. 3 |
| Cladding (>= 24 m) | A1 / A2 non-combustible | SCDF Fire Code Ch. 7 |
| ETTV (commercial) | <= 50 W/m2 | Code on Env Sust Buildings 2018 |
| ETTV (residential) | <= 25 W/m2 | Same |
| Wind vb,0 | 25 m/s | SS EN 1991-1-4 NA |
| Site coverage residential (R2 condo) | 35-45% | URA Master Plan |
| Plot ratio residential (R2) | 1.4-2.8 | URA Master Plan |
| Parking residential (private) | 1 per 100 m2 GFA | LTA Code on Vehicle Parking |
| EV-ready parking provision | 1% rising to ~15% by 2030 | LTA |
| 参数 | 数值 | 来源 |
|---|---|---|
| HDB住宅层高 | 2.8-3.0米 | HDB设计指南;最小净高2.5米 |
| 私人住宅层高 | 2.9-3.2米 | 行业惯例;建筑管制规例要求最小净高2.4米 |
| 办公建筑层高 | 3.8-4.2米 | BCA指南;最小净高2.7米 |
| 酒店层高 | 3.0-3.4米 | 品牌要求+BCA规定 |
| 无障碍门净宽 | 850-900毫米 | BCA 2019年无障碍规范 |
| 楼梯最小宽度 | 1100毫米 | SCDF消防规范第3章 |
| 设喷淋建筑单方向疏散距离(B类) | 25米 | SCDF消防规范第3章 |
| 设喷淋建筑双方向疏散距离(B类) | 45米 | SCDF消防规范第3章 |
| 高度≥24米建筑外墙覆层 | A1/A2级不燃 | SCDF消防规范第7章 |
| 商业建筑ETTV | ≤50瓦/平方米 | 2018年建筑物环境可持续性规范 |
| 住宅建筑ETTV | ≤25瓦/平方米 | 同上 |
| 基本风速vb,0 | 25米/秒 | SS EN 1991-1-4国家附录 |
| R2公寓区建筑覆盖率 | 35-45% | URA总蓝图 |
| R2住宅区容积率 | 1.4-2.8 | URA总蓝图 |
| 私人住宅停车位配置 | 每100平方米GFA 1个 | LTA车辆停放规范 |
| 充电桩预留停车位比例 | 1%,到2030年提升至约15% | LTA |
10. Application Workflow
10. 应用流程
- Identify URA zone + plot ratio + height envelope from Master Plan 2019.
- Check conservation status (if shophouse area or heritage).
- Check Changi conical aviation surface (height constraint).
- Apply Building Control Act + Building Control Regulations 2003 for general.
- Apply SCDF Fire Code 2018 (always).
- Apply BCA Code on Accessibility 2019 for accessibility.
- Apply Code on Environmental Sustainability of Buildings 2018 + Green Mark target.
- Apply SS EN Eurocodes with Singapore NAs for structural.
- Confirm seismic analysis required (anything > 4 storeys).
- Confirm WSH design requirements -- maintenance access strategy.
- Cite clauses: "BCA Building Control Regulations 2003 Reg 8", "SCDF Fire Code 2018 Chapter 3 Section 3.4.2", "BCA Code on Accessibility 2019 Section 5.3", "URA Master Plan 2019 Zone Residential 2", "SS EN 1991-1-4 + Singapore NA Table NA.1", "Code on Environmental Sustainability of Buildings 2018 Section 4.1".
- 从2019年总蓝图中确认URA分区、容积率、高度限制范围。
- 核查保护身份(是否为店屋区或遗产区)。
- 核查樟宜锥形航空限制面(高度约束)。
- 通用要求适用**《建筑管制法》+《2003年建筑管制规例》**。
- 始终适用**《SCDF 2018年消防规范》**。
- 无障碍设计适用**《BCA 2019年无障碍规范》**。
- 适用**《2018年建筑物环境可持续性规范》+ Green Mark目标**。
- 结构设计适用带新加坡国家附录的SS EN Eurocodes。
- 确认是否需要抗震分析(4层以上均需要)。
- 确认WSH设计要求——维护通道方案。
- 条款引用示例:“BCA《2003年建筑管制规例》第8条”、“SCDF《2018年消防规范》第3章第3.4.2节”、“BCA《2019年无障碍规范》第5.3节”、“URA 2019年总蓝图住宅2区”、“SS EN 1991-1-4 + 新加坡国家附录表NA.1”、“《2018年建筑物环境可持续性规范》第4.1节”。
11. Authoritative Sources
11. 权威来源
- Building and Construction Authority (BCA) -- bca.gov.sg -- Building Control Act, Codes, Green Mark
- Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) -- ura.gov.sg -- Master Plan, Development Control, conservation
- Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF) -- scdf.gov.sg -- Fire Code 2018, Fire Safety Act
- Public Utilities Board (PUB) -- pub.gov.sg -- water, drainage, sewerage
- National Environment Agency (NEA) -- nea.gov.sg -- environment, noise
- Housing & Development Board (HDB) -- hdb.gov.sg -- public housing
- Land Transport Authority (LTA) -- lta.gov.sg -- parking, transit, road
- Ministry of National Development (MND) -- mnd.gov.sg
- Board of Architects Singapore (BOA) -- boa.gov.sg
- Professional Engineers Board (PEB) -- peb.gov.sg
- Singapore Standards (SS) eShop -- singaporestandardseshop.sg
Cross-references: load for general code principles (Singapore Building Control is unique but conceptually aligned to UK/EC); for general principles (Singapore SCDF Code is comprehensive); for global frameworks then BCA Code on Accessibility; for Green Mark + LEED + Passivhaus comparison (Singapore was first to mandate green building); for tropical climate detailing (ETTV/RTTV); for Eurocode-based design with Singapore NA.
building-codesfire-life-safetyaccessibility-designbuilding-sustainabilitybuilding-envelopestructural-systems- 建设局(BCA) -- bca.gov.sg -- 建筑管制法、各类规范、Green Mark
- 市区重建局(URA) -- ura.gov.sg -- 总蓝图、发展管制、保护事务
- 新加坡民防部队(SCDF) -- scdf.gov.sg -- 2018年消防规范、消防安全法
- 公用事业局(PUB) -- pub.gov.sg -- 供水、排水、污水处理
- 国家环境局(NEA) -- nea.gov.sg -- 环境、噪音管制
- 建屋发展局(HDB) -- hdb.gov.sg -- 公共住房
- 陆路交通管理局(LTA) -- lta.gov.sg -- 停车、公共交通、道路
- 国家发展部(MND) -- mnd.gov.sg
- 新加坡建筑师委员会(BOA) -- boa.gov.sg
- 专业工程师委员会(PEB) -- peb.gov.sg
- 新加坡标准(SS)电子商店 -- singaporestandardseshop.sg
交叉参考:加载获取通用规范原则(新加坡建筑管制有其独特性,但理念上与英国/欧盟一致);加载获取通用消防安全原则(新加坡SCDF规范内容全面);加载获取全球无障碍设计框架,再结合BCA无障碍规范使用;加载获取Green Mark、LEED、被动房的对比(新加坡是首个强制推行绿色建筑的国家);加载获取热带气候围护结构设计细节(ETTV/RTTV);加载获取基于Eurocode并结合新加坡国家附录的结构设计内容。
building-codesfire-life-safetyaccessibility-designbuilding-sustainabilitybuilding-envelopestructural-systems