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Country: Japan

国家：日本

Architectural code and regulatory reference for projects in Japan (all 47 prefectures + Tokyo Metropolis). Activate this skill on any Japanese city/prefecture reference, JPY currency, mention of "Kenchiku Kijun Ho"/"BSL"/"Sho-Energy Ho"/"CASBEE"/"AIJ"/"BCJ"/"Shintaishin", or Japanese architectural terminology (yoseki-ritsu, kenpei-ritsu, kakunin-shinsei, kanseikensa, joryoku-do, koshou-tatemono, mokuzo).
适用于日本项目（全部47个都道府县+东京都）的建筑法规与监管参考资料。当提及日本城市/都道府县、日元（JPY）、“Kenchiku Kijun Ho”/“BSL”/“Sho-Energy Ho”/“CASBEE”/“AIJ”/“BCJ”/“Shintaishin”等术语，或日本建筑专有名词（yoseki-ritsu、kenpei-ritsu、kakunin-shinsei、kanseikensa、joryoku-do、koshou-tatemono、mokuzo）时，可激活此技能。

1. Regulatory Hierarchy

1. 监管层级体系

Japan operates as Archetype D (Centralised National + Strong-Form Clauses). Building regulation is national, administered through prefectures + designated cities under Building Standards Act delegated authority. Some matters are devolved to designated cities.
日本采用D类模式（中央集权+强约束条款）。建筑监管为全国统一标准，根据《建筑基准法》的授权，由都道府县和政令指定都市负责执行，部分事项下放至政令指定都市。

1.1 Authority Stack

1.1 管理架构

LEVEL 1 -- NATIONAL
  Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT, Kokudo Kotsu Sho)
    Housing Bureau (Jutaku Kyoku) -- residential policy
    City Bureau (Toshi Kyoku) -- urban planning
    Land and Real Estate Industry Bureau
    + issues MLIT Notifications (Kokuji) -- detailed technical requirements
  Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (Somu Sho) -- Fire Service Agency
  Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Kosei Rodo Sho) -- hospital regulations
  Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI, Keizai Sangyo Sho) -- energy + product safety
  Ministry of the Environment (Kankyo Sho) -- environmental
  Ministry of Education (MEXT) -- school facilities
  National Police Agency -- some safety regulations

LEVEL 2 -- PREFECTURE (todofuken) + DESIGNATED CITIES
  47 prefectures + 20 Designated Cities (Seirei Shitei Toshi) -- e.g.,
    Tokyo (special category as Metropolis), Osaka, Yokohama, Nagoya, Sapporo, Kobe,
    Kyoto, Fukuoka, Hiroshima, Sendai, Kawasaki, Saitama, Chiba, Niigata, Hamamatsu,
    Sakai, Shizuoka, Okayama, Sagamihara, Kumamoto
  Tokutei Gyousei Cho (Designated Administrative Officer) -- typically prefectural or
    designated-city housing department; oversees Kakunin-shinsei (building confirmation)
  Building Examiners (Kenchiku Shujikan) -- public officials
  Designated Confirmation Inspection Agencies (Shitei Kakunin Kensa Kikan) -- private
    since 1998 reform; competitive choice

LEVEL 3 -- MUNICIPALITY (shi-cho-son)
  Smaller cities, towns, villages -- if not Designated City, defer to prefecture for building
    confirmation but handle planning under City Planning Act
  Local Fire Departments (Shobosho)

LEVEL 4 -- PROJECT
  Kakunin-shinsei (Building Confirmation Application) submitted by Class 1 Architect or
    qualified delegate
  Structural calculations checked: (a) self-check up to threshold (BCJ-evaluated etc.),
    (b) Performance Evaluation by accredited body (BCJ, Japan Engineering Standards
    Foundation, etc.) for taller/special buildings
  Periodic inspection during construction (Kanseikensa)
  Article 7 Inspection (kansei kensa) -- final inspection before occupancy
LEVEL 1 -- NATIONAL
  Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT, Kokudo Kotsu Sho)
    Housing Bureau (Jutaku Kyoku) -- residential policy
    City Bureau (Toshi Kyoku) -- urban planning
    Land and Real Estate Industry Bureau
    + issues MLIT Notifications (Kokuji) -- detailed technical requirements
  Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (Somu Sho) -- Fire Service Agency
  Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Kosei Rodo Sho) -- hospital regulations
  Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI, Keizai Sangyo Sho) -- energy + product safety
  Ministry of the Environment (Kankyo Sho) -- environmental
  Ministry of Education (MEXT) -- school facilities
  National Police Agency -- some safety regulations

LEVEL 2 -- PREFECTURE (todofuken) + DESIGNATED CITIES
  47 prefectures + 20 Designated Cities (Seirei Shitei Toshi) -- e.g.,
    Tokyo (special category as Metropolis), Osaka, Yokohama, Nagoya, Sapporo, Kobe,
    Kyoto, Fukuoka, Hiroshima, Sendai, Kawasaki, Saitama, Chiba, Niigata, Hamamatsu,
    Sakai, Shizuoka, Okayama, Sagamihara, Kumamoto
  Tokutei Gyousei Cho (Designated Administrative Officer) -- typically prefectural or
    designated-city housing department; oversees Kakunin-shinsei (building confirmation)
  Building Examiners (Kenchiku Shujikan) -- public officials
  Designated Confirmation Inspection Agencies (Shitei Kakunin Kensa Kikan) -- private
    since 1998 reform; competitive choice

LEVEL 3 -- MUNICIPALITY (shi-cho-son)
  Smaller cities, towns, villages -- if not Designated City, defer to prefecture for building
    confirmation but handle planning under City Planning Act
  Local Fire Departments (Shobosho)

LEVEL 4 -- PROJECT
  Kakunin-shinsei (Building Confirmation Application) submitted by Class 1 Architect or
    qualified delegate
  Structural calculations checked: (a) self-check up to threshold (BCJ-evaluated etc.),
    (b) Performance Evaluation by accredited body (BCJ, Japan Engineering Standards
    Foundation, etc.) for taller/special buildings
  Periodic inspection during construction (Kanseikensa)
  Article 7 Inspection (kansei kensa) -- final inspection before occupancy

1.2 Building Standards Act Structure

1.2 《建筑基准法》体系结构

The Building Standards Act 1950 (BSA) was fundamentally reformed in 1998 (introducing performance-based regulation) and amended again in 2007 (post-Aneha falsified structural calculations scandal, which strengthened independent structural review).
Structure:
  • BSA itself (Kenchiku Kijun Ho) -- legislative framework
  • BSL Enforcement Order (Kenchiku Kijun Ho Shiko Rei) -- Cabinet Order with detailed implementing regulations
  • BSL Enforcement Regulations (Kenchiku Kijun Ho Shiko Kisoku) -- Ministerial Order on procedure
  • MLIT Notifications (Kokuji) -- detailed technical specifications (hundreds)
  • JIS Standards (Japanese Industrial Standards) -- material + product specifications
1950年《建筑基准法》（BSA）于1998年进行根本性修订（引入基于绩效的监管模式），2007年再次修订（在Aneha结构计算造假丑闻后，强化了独立结构审查）。
体系构成：
  • BSA本体（Kenchiku Kijun Ho）——立法框架
  • BSL施行令（Kenchiku Kijun Ho Shiko Rei）——内阁令，包含详细实施法规
  • BSL施行规则（Kenchiku Kijun Ho Shiko Kisoku）——省令，规定程序要求
  • MLIT告示（Kokuji）——详细技术规范（达数百项）
  • JIS标准（日本工业标准）——材料与产品规范

1.3 Tokyo Special Status

1.3 东京的特殊地位

Tokyo Metropolitan Government (Tokyo-to) has 23 special wards (Tokubetsu-ku) functioning as municipalities + the multi-city Tama region. Building confirmation in Tokyo's 23 wards is generally handled by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Bureau of Urban Development + ward offices for smaller works. Tokyo has its own Tokyo Metropolitan Ordinance on Building Standards -- supplements BSA.
东京都（Tokyo-to）设有23个特别区（Tokubetsu-ku），承担市政职能，此外还包括多摩地区等多个城市。东京23区的建筑确认通常由东京都都市整备局负责，小型工程由区役所处理。东京拥有自己的**《东京都建筑基准条例》**，作为BSA的补充。

2. Building Standards Act Core Requirements

2. 《建筑基准法》核心要求

2.1 Building Classification (Yoto Bunkenchiku)

2.1 建筑分类（Yoto Bunkenchiku）

BSA classifies buildings by use + structure + scale:
Use CategoryDescription
Tokushu KenchikubutsuSpecial Buildings -- assembly, hospital, school, hotel, etc.; many require BCJ structural eval, additional fire requirements
Ippan KenchikubutsuGeneral Buildings -- offices, factories
Special structures (high-rise, large span, special concrete) require BCJ structural performance evaluation per BSA Article 20 + sub-clauses.
BSA按用途+结构+规模对建筑进行分类：
用途类别说明
Tokushu Kenchikubutsu特殊建筑——集会场所、医院、学校、酒店等；多数需BCJ结构评估及额外防火要求
Ippan Kenchikubutsu一般建筑——办公楼、工厂
特殊结构建筑（超高层、大跨度、特殊混凝土结构）需根据BSA第20条及子条款进行BCJ结构性能评估。

2.2 Yoseki-ritsu + Kenpei-ritsu (Volume Ratio + Coverage)

2.2 Yoseki-ritsu + Kenpei-ritsu（容积率+建筑密度）

The two principal Japanese density controls:
  • Yoseki-ritsu (容積率, FAR) -- total above-grade GFA / lot area; values 50-1300% by use district
  • Kenpei-ritsu (建蔽率, BCR/Building Coverage Ratio) -- footprint / lot area; values 30-80% by use district
日本两项主要的密度管控指标：
  • Yoseki-ritsu（容積率，FAR）——地上总建筑面积/地块面积；根据用途地域不同，取值为50-1300%
  • Kenpei-ritsu（建蔽率，BCR/建筑覆盖率）——建筑基底面积/地块面积；根据用途地域不同，取值为30-80%

2.3 Use Districts (City Planning Act -- 13 categories)

2.3 用途地域（《城市规划法》——13类）

Use DistrictYoseki-ritsu RangeKenpei-ritsu RangeUse
First Class Low-rise Residential (Daiichi-shu Tei-so Jukyo)50-200%30-60%Houses ≤10/12 m height
Second Class Low-rise Residential50-200%30-60%Similar +small shop
First Class Mid/High-rise Residential100-500%30-60%Apartments + small commerce
Second Class Mid/High-rise Residential100-500%30-60%+ medium retail
First Class Residential100-500%50-80%Residential + offices/retail moderate
Second Class Residential100-500%50-80%+ entertainment limited
Quasi-Residential100-500%50-80%Roads + residential mix
Neighbourhood Commercial200-500%60-80%Shops + service
Commercial200-1300%80%Full commerce + tall buildings
Quasi-Industrial100-500%50-80%Light industrial
Industrial100-400%50-60%Factory mix
Exclusively Industrial100-400%30-60%Heavy industry only
Field of Tanada(rural special)--Agricultural
用途地域Yoseki-ritsu范围Kenpei-ritsu范围用途
第一种低层居住专用地域（Daiichi-shu Tei-so Jukyo）50-200%30-60%高度≤10/12米的住宅
第二种低层居住专用地域50-200%30-60%类似+小型商铺
第一种中高层居住专用地域100-500%30-60%公寓+小型商业
第二种中高层居住专用地域100-500%30-60%+中型零售
第一种居住地域100-500%50-80%居住+适度办公/零售
第二种居住地域100-500%50-80%+有限娱乐设施
准居住地域100-500%50-80%道路+居住混合
近邻商业地域200-500%60-80%商铺+服务业
商业地域200-1300%80%全商业+高层建筑
准工业地域100-500%50-80%轻工业
工业地域100-400%50-60%工厂混合
工业专用地域100-400%30-60%仅重工业
田地区域（农村特殊类）--农业用途

2.4 Sun-Right + Sky-Right + Daylighting (Hisho-mado Jisshin)

2.4 日照权+天空权+采光（Hisho-mado Jisshin）

A particularly Japanese set of regulations:
  • Daylighting setback (Nichi-sho ki-zen) -- buildings must allow specified hours of sun (3-5 hours mid-winter) to reach adjacent properties; codified per area; varies by use district
  • Sky exposure plane / road-set-back-ratio plane (Doro Shasen Seigen) -- imaginary inclined plane from far edge of road; building cannot project beyond
  • Adjacent-property setback plane (Rinchi Shasen Seigen) -- imaginary plane from neighbor's lot line
  • Northern exposure setback (Hokugawa Shasen) -- protects northern neighbours from overshadowing
  • Absolute height limit in low-rise residential -- 10 m or 12 m
These controls collectively shape Japanese urban form -- often producing characteristic "stepped" or "wedding cake" massing.
日本特有的一套监管规则：
  • 采光退距（Nichi-sho ki-zen）——建筑必须保证相邻地产获得规定时长的日照（仲冬3-5小时）；各地区有明确规定，因用途地域而异
  • 天空暴露面/道路退距斜面（Doro Shasen Seigen）——从道路对侧边缘起的假想斜面，建筑不得超出该斜面
  • 邻地退距斜面（Rinchi Shasen Seigen）——从相邻地块界线起的假想斜面
  • 北侧退距（Hokugawa Shasen）——保护北侧邻居不受遮挡
  • 低层居住地域的绝对高度限制——10米或12米
这些管控共同塑造了日本的城市形态——常形成标志性的“阶梯式”或“婚礼蛋糕式”建筑体量。

2.5 Structural Articles 20 + Bekkihyo (Annexes)

2.5 结构第20条+别表（附录）

BSA Article 20 sets four tiers of structural review:
  • Tier 4 (lightest) -- low buildings; sample-rule check
  • Tier 3 -- moderate; specific structural calculation
  • Tier 2 -- high-rise or special; advanced calc + BCJ-evaluated
  • Tier 1 (heaviest) -- super-high-rise or special structural performance; BCJ Performance Evaluation + MLIT Minister Approval required
Tier 1 cases: building > 60 m, or special types (seismic isolation building, special structural performance like FRPs, ultra-light long-span etc.)
BSA第20条规定了四个层级的结构审查：
  • 4级（最轻）——低层建筑；按样本规则检查
  • 3级——中等规模；需专项结构计算
  • 2级——高层或特殊建筑；需高级计算+BCJ评估
  • 1级（最重）——超高层或特殊结构性能建筑；需BCJ性能评估+MLIT大臣批准
1级适用情形：建筑高度>60米，或特殊类型（隔震建筑、FRP等特殊结构性能建筑、超轻量大跨度建筑等）

2.6 Travel Distance + Egress (BSA + Enforcement Order Article 120-122)

2.6 疏散距离+安全出口（BSA+施行令第120-122条）

ParameterSprinkleredUnsprinklered
Max travel distance (general)50 m30 m
Max travel distance (assembly, dormitory)40 m30 m
Max travel distance (hospital, ROS-protected)50 m30 m
Min corridor width (Special Buildings >= 200 m2/floor)1.6 m double-loaded; 1.2 m single--
Min corridor width (residential each floor)1.2 m double-loaded; 0.9 m single--
Min stair width (Special Buildings >= 200 m2/floor)1.4 m1.4 m
Min stair width (residential >= 600 m2 total)1.2 m1.2 m
Min door clear width800 mm (Special Buildings); 750 mm (general)--
参数设自动喷淋未设自动喷淋
最大疏散距离（一般建筑）50 m30 m
最大疏散距离（集会场所、宿舍）40 m30 m
最大疏散距离（医院、受ROS保护的建筑）50 m30 m
最小走廊宽度（特殊建筑≥200 m²/层）双侧布房1.6 m；单侧布房1.2 m--
最小走廊宽度（住宅各层）双侧布房1.2 m；单侧布房0.9 m--
最小楼梯宽度（特殊建筑≥200 m²/层）1.4 m1.4 m
最小楼梯宽度（住宅总面积≥600 m²）1.2 m1.2 m
最小门净宽800 mm（特殊建筑）；750 mm（一般建筑）--

2.7 Two Means of Escape

2.7 双疏散出口要求

Two means of escape required when:
  • Special Buildings any storey > 100 m2
  • Mid-rise Residential > 5 storeys (or > 500 m2 floor)
  • High-rise > certain thresholds
满足以下条件时需设置两个疏散出口：
  • 特殊建筑任一楼层面积>100 m²
  • 中高层住宅>5层（或楼层面积>500 m²）
  • 高层建筑超过特定阈值

3. Seismic Design

3. 抗震设计

3.1 Two-Level Seismic Design

3.1 两级抗震设计

The defining feature of Japanese structural design. Building must be safe under:
  • Level 1 (Damage Limit) -- frequent earthquakes (~50-year return) -- building remains undamaged, structurally elastic. Design seismic shear coefficient C0 = 0.2 (multiplier on weight).
  • Level 2 (Life Safety / Ultimate) -- rare earthquakes (~475-year return, possibly 2475-year for important structures) -- building may sustain damage but no collapse. Design shear coefficient C0 = 1.0.
The 1981 revision (Shintaishin -- "New Earthquake-Resistance Standard") introduced this two-level approach. Buildings built before 1981 are designated "Kyu-taishin" and many have been retrofitted.
日本结构设计的核心特征。建筑必须在以下两种工况下保证安全：
  • 1级（损坏限值）——频繁地震（约50年一遇）——建筑无损坏，结构处于弹性状态。设计地震剪力系数C0 = 0.2（重量乘数）。
  • 2级（生命安全/极限状态）——罕见地震（约475年一遇，重要建筑可能按2475年一遇）——建筑可损坏但不倒塌。设计剪力系数C0 = 1.0。
1981年修订版（Shintaishin——“新抗震标准”）引入了这一两级方法。1981年以前建造的建筑被称为“Kyu-taishin”（旧抗震标准），其中许多已进行加固改造。

3.2 Building Classifications

3.2 建筑分类

  • General buildings: design per Level 1 + Level 2 capacity
  • Important buildings (hospitals, communications, government, large assembly): design factor higher (~1.5×)
  • Hi-rise buildings (> 60 m): site-specific seismic motion + dynamic analysis + BCJ performance evaluation
  • Base-isolated (Menshin) buildings: separate design route + BCJ evaluation
  • Damper (Seishin) buildings: separate design route
  • 一般建筑：按1级+2级性能设计
  • 重要建筑（医院、通信设施、政府建筑、大型集会场所）：设计系数更高（约1.5×）
  • 超高层建筑（> 60 m）：需进行场地特定地震动分析+动力时程分析+BCJ性能评估
  • 隔震（Menshin）建筑：独立设计路径+BCJ评估
  • 阻尼（Seishin）建筑：独立设计路径

3.3 Site Classification + Seismic Coefficients

3.3 场地分类+地震系数

Japan ground classes (BSA Enforcement Order Article 88):
  • Class 1 (Type 1 ground -- rocky, strong) -- C0 multiplier baseline
  • Class 2 -- alluvial, moderate
  • Class 3 -- soft (e.g., Tokyo Bay landfill) -- highest C0 multiplier
日本场地类别（BSA施行令第88条）：
  • 1类（1类场地——岩石，坚硬）——C0乘数基准值
  • 2类——冲积层，中等硬度
  • 3类——软土（如东京湾填海区域）——C0乘数最高

3.4 Standards + References

3.4 标准与参考资料

  • Building Standards Act + Enforcement Order Articles 81-87 + 88
  • AIJ Recommendations for Loads on Buildings 2015 -- Architectural Institute of Japan
  • AIJ Design Standards for Reinforced Concrete Structures (RC), Steel Structures (S), Composite (SRC)
  • JSCE standards -- mainly bridges/civil
  • BCJ Performance Evaluation -- for taller buildings
  • 《建筑基准法》+施行令第81-87条+第88条
  • 2015年AIJ建筑荷载建议——日本建筑学会（Architectural Institute of Japan）
  • AIJ钢筋混凝土结构（RC）、钢结构（S）、组合结构（SRC）设计标准
  • JSCE标准——主要适用于桥梁/土木工程
  • BCJ性能评估——适用于高层建筑

4. Fire Safety (Fire Service Act + BSA)

4. 消防安全（《消防法》+BSA）

4.1 Two Statute System

4.1 双法规体系

Japan uniquely operates fire safety under two statutes:
  • Building Standards Act -- "preventive fire-resistance" (Yobo Bosai) -- structural compartmentation, fire-resistance, smoke control DESIGN
  • Fire Service Act (Shobo Ho) -- "active fire fighting" (Soshou Bosai) -- sprinkler, detection, hose reel, evacuation equipment, fire-fighting
Plans must be approved by both Designated Administrative Officer (BSA) and Fire Department (FSA).
日本的消防安全采用独特的双法规管理模式：
  • 《建筑基准法》——“预防耐火”（Yobo Bosai）——结构防火分区、耐火性能、控烟设计
  • 《消防法》（Shobo Ho）——“主动灭火”（Soshou Bosai）——自动喷淋、火灾探测、消防软管卷盘、疏散设备、灭火设施
设计方案必须同时获得**指定行政官员（BSA）和消防部门（FSA）**的批准。

4.2 BSA Fire Provisions

4.2 BSA防火条款

  • Fire-resistant building (Taika Kenchikubutsu) -- non-combustible structure, fire-resistance rating per height + use
  • Semi-fire-resistant (Junitaika) -- intermediate
  • Combustible (Mokuzo + similar) -- limited heights + areas, primarily low-rise residential
Fire-resistance hours:
  • Major structural members up to 4 storeys: 1 hour
  • 5-14 storeys: 2 hours
  • 15+ storeys: 3 hours
  • 耐火建筑（Taika Kenchikubutsu）——不燃结构，耐火等级根据高度和用途确定
  • 准耐火建筑（Junitaika）——中间等级
  • 可燃建筑（Mokuzo及类似）——高度和面积受限，主要用于低层住宅
耐火时长要求：
  • 4层及以下主要结构构件：1小时
  • 5-14层：2小时
  • 15层及以上：3小时

4.3 Fire Service Act Provisions

4.3 《消防法》条款

  • Sprinklers required: high-rise above 11 storeys, large floors (>700 m2 special), large theatre, hospital >5 storey etc.
  • Automatic fire alarms -- per occupancy type + size
  • Indoor fire hose + Hose reel -- per area
  • Smoke-removal equipment -- per Article 126 BSA Enforcement Order
  • Emergency power -- 30 minutes minimum, sometimes 60
  • 自动喷淋设置要求：11层以上高层建筑、大面积楼层（特殊建筑>700 m²）、大型剧院、5层以上医院等
  • 自动火灾报警——根据使用类型和规模设置
  • 室内消防栓+软管卷盘——根据面积设置
  • 排烟设备——依据BSA施行令第126条
  • 应急电源——最少30分钟，部分情况需60分钟

4.4 Stair Smoke Protection

4.4 楼梯防烟

Japan emphasizes outside-air stair (To-no-zen Kaidan) -- stairs vented to outside, often via open balcony. Provides smoke-free escape route without requiring positive pressurization.
For tower buildings without external stair access, smoke-resistance compartments (To-no-zen Shitsu) are provided -- lobby + stair both pressurized or vented.
日本强调外气楼梯（To-no-zen Kaidan）——楼梯直接对外通风，通常通过开敞阳台实现。无需正压送风即可提供无烟疏散路径。
对于无外部楼梯的塔楼建筑，设置防烟前室（To-no-zen Shitsu）——前室和楼梯均采用正压送风或通风设计。

4.5 Post-Disaster Function -- Important Buildings

4.5 重要建筑的灾后功能

Hospitals, fire stations, government emergency operations centres, designated evacuation centres designed for post-event functionality -- structural drift limits tighter, redundancies for utilities, separate emergency power.
医院、消防站、政府应急指挥中心、指定疏散中心的设计需满足灾后功能要求——结构层间位移限值更严格、公用设施冗余设计、独立应急电源。

5. Energy Code (Sho-Energy Ho)

5. 节能法规（Sho-Energy Ho）

5.1 Act on the Improvement of Energy Consumption Performance of Buildings (Kenchikubutsu Sho-Energy Ho) 2015

5.1 2015年《建筑物能源消费性能提升法》（Kenchikubutsu Sho-Energy Ho）

Replaced the older Energy Conservation Act 1979 for buildings. Mandatory compliance for:
  • 2017: large non-residential >= 2000 m2
  • 2021: medium non-residential 300-2000 m2
  • 2025 (amendment 2022 effective): ALL new buildings including small residential
Compliance demonstrated via:
  • Standard route (BEI -- Building Energy Index) -- design primary energy / standard primary energy ≤ 1.0
  • Simplified route for small buildings (≤300 m2) by Web Pro tool
  • Performance route -- prescriptive UA + ηA values for envelope, similar to U-value + SHGC compliance
取代了原1979年《节能法》中建筑相关的内容。强制合规时间节点：
  • 2017年：≥2000 m²的大型非居住建筑
  • 2021年：300-2000 m²的中型非居住建筑
  • 2025年（2022年修订案生效）：所有新建建筑，包括小型住宅
合规证明方式：
  • 标准路径（BEI——建筑能源指数）——设计一次能源/标准一次能源 ≤ 1.0
  • 简化路径——适用于≤300 m²的小型建筑，通过Web Pro工具计算
  • 性能路径——围护结构采用规定的UA + ηA值，类似U值+SHGC合规要求

5.2 Climate Zones (Notification No. 265 of 2015 + revisions)

5.2 气候分区（2015年第265号告示+修订版）

Japan defines 8 climate zones (Region 1 through Region 8) based primarily on HDD (heating degree days):
ZoneApproximate RegionTypical Cities
Region 1Sub-arcticHokkaido east + interior (Asahikawa, Kushiro)
Region 2ColdHokkaido west + Tohoku interior (Sapporo, Aomori interior)
Region 3Cool-coldTohoku coast + Hokuriku (Sendai, Akita, Niigata)
Region 4CoolInland Honshu (Nagano interior, Saitama interior)
Region 5TemperateTokyo, Yokohama, Osaka -- main urban regions
Region 6MildWestern Honshu, Shikoku (Hiroshima, Takamatsu, Fukuoka)
Region 7WarmSouthern Kyushu (Kagoshima)
Region 8SubtropicalOkinawa
日本主要根据采暖度日数（HDD）划分为8个气候区（1区至8区）：
分区大致区域代表城市
Region 1亚寒带北海道东部+内陆（旭川、钏路）
Region 2寒冷北海道西部+东北内陆（札幌、青森内陆）
Region 3凉寒东北沿海+北陆（仙台、秋田、新潟）
Region 4凉爽本州内陆（长野内陆、埼玉内陆）
Region 5温带东京、横滨、大阪——主要城市区域
Region 6温和本州西部、四国（广岛、高松、福冈）
Region 7温暖九州南部（鹿儿岛）
Region 8亚热带冲绳

5.3 Envelope Targets (Sho-Energy Ho Performance Route)

5.3 围护结构指标（Sho-Energy Ho性能路径）

ZoneUA (W/m2K) maxηA (avg solar) max
10.40--
20.40--
30.50--
40.60--
50.873.0
60.872.8
70.872.7
8--6.7 (cooling-dominated)
(UA = average U-value over external envelope; ηA = average solar acquisition factor)
分区UA (W/m²K) 最大值ηA（平均太阳能得热系数）最大值
10.40--
20.40--
30.50--
40.60--
50.873.0
60.872.8
70.872.7
8--6.7（以制冷为主）
（UA = 外围护结构平均传热系数；ηA = 平均太阳能得热系数）

5.4 ZEH and ZEB Programs

5.4 ZEH和ZEB计划

  • ZEH (Net Zero Energy House) -- residential; tiered ZEH, ZEH Plus, ZEH+R (resilience-enhanced)
  • ZEB (Net Zero Energy Building) -- non-residential; tiered ZEB, Nearly ZEB, ZEB Ready, ZEB Oriented
METI subsidies tied to these tiers.
  • ZEH（Net Zero Energy House）——住宅类；分为ZEH、ZEH Plus、ZEH+R（增强韧性型）多个等级
  • ZEB（Net Zero Energy Building）——非居住类；分为ZEB、准ZEB、ZEB Ready、ZEB Oriented多个等级
METI补贴与这些等级挂钩。

5.5 CASBEE -- Comprehensive Assessment System for Built Environment Efficiency

5.5 CASBEE——建筑环境效率综合评估体系

Japan's own green building assessment system, comparable to LEED + DGNB. Rates by:
  • BEE (Built Environment Efficiency) = Q (Quality) / L (Load) ratio
  • Categories: S, A, B+, B-, C
  • Multiple sub-tools: CASBEE for Buildings (New, Existing, Renovation), Urban Development, Cities
Many municipalities require CASBEE B+ or A as minimum for medium-large buildings.
日本本土的绿色建筑评估体系，可与LEED、DGNB对标。评估依据：
  • BEE（Built Environment Efficiency） = Q（Quality） / L（Load）比值
  • 等级：S, A, B+, B-, C
  • 多个子工具：CASBEE for Buildings（新建、既有、改造）、城市开发、城市
许多市政当局要求中大型建筑至少达到CASBEE B+或A级。

6. Accessibility (Heart Building Law 2006)

6. 无障碍设计（2006年《爱心建筑法》）

6.1 Heart Building Law (Hito ni Yasashii Machizukuri / Barrier-Free Law)

6.1 《爱心建筑法》（Hito ni Yasashii Machizukuri / 无障碍法）

Act on Promotion of Smooth Transportation of Elderly, Disabled Persons (2006) -- consolidated previous Heart Building Law + Traffic Barrier-Free Law.
Mandatory provisions for:
  • Designated Buildings: shops > 2000 m2, hospitals, hotels (> 50 rooms), restaurants > 200 m2, theatres + schools above certain size, public buildings
  • Specific Designated Buildings: subset with stricter standards
《促进老年人、残疾人顺利出行法》（2006年）——合并了此前的《爱心建筑法》和《交通无障碍法》。
强制适用范围：
  • 指定建筑：商铺> 2000 m²、医院、酒店（> 50间客房）、餐厅> 200 m²、超过一定规模的剧院和学校、公共建筑
  • 特定指定建筑：子集，适用更严格的标准

6.2 Key Dimensions (Heart Building Law + JIS S 0026)

6.2 关键尺寸（《爱心建筑法》+ JIS S 0026）

ElementDimension
Accessible route1.2 m (1.5 m preferred); passing space 1.4 x 1.4 m every 50 m
Door clear width800 mm
Ramp gradient1:12 max; landings every 6 m run + at top/bottom
Lift cabin1100 x 1350 mm (Type 1); 1400 x 1600 mm (Type 2 hospital)
Accessible WC2.0 x 2.0 m; with multi-function: 2.2 x 2.2 m
Accessible parking3.5 m + access; covered preferred
Tactile flooringPer JIS T 9251; at platform edges, ramps, stair tops, level changes
构件尺寸要求
无障碍通道1.2 m（优先1.5 m）；每50 m设1.4 x 1.4 m的避让空间
门净宽800 mm
坡道坡度1:12 max；每6 m坡道长度及上下端设休息平台
电梯轿厢1100 x 1350 mm（Type 1）；1400 x 1600 mm（Type 2 医院用）
无障碍卫生间2.0 x 2.0 m；多功能卫生间：2.2 x 2.2 m
无障碍停车位3.5 m +通道；优先设顶棚
盲道符合JIS T 9251；设置于站台边缘、坡道、楼梯顶端、标高变化处

6.3 Provision Counts

6.3 设施数量要求

  • Accessible parking: 1 per 50 stalls (designated buildings)
  • Multi-Function Toilet (Tashinooyo Toiret): at least 1 per floor in designated buildings -- combines accessible WC + diaper change + ostomy + emergency call
  • Hotel accessible rooms: 1 per 50 rooms (designated)
  • Tactile guidance: comprehensive in transit + public buildings
  • 无障碍停车位：指定建筑每50个车位设1个
  • 多功能卫生间（Tashinooyo Toiret）：指定建筑每层至少1个——整合无障碍卫生间+婴儿护理+造口护理+紧急呼叫功能
  • 酒店无障碍客房：指定建筑每50间客房设1间
  • 盲道引导：交通建筑和公共建筑中全面设置

6.4 Universal Design Beyond Compliance

6.4 超合规的通用设计

Japan's robust UD culture extends beyond legal minimum:
  • Many municipalities have Universal Design Mark / Tsugou (Convenience) certifications
  • "ChojuJuutaku" (Long-Life Quality Housing) certification for housing
  • "Tokutei Hyouka" Designated Evaluation for housing accessibility
日本浓厚的通用设计（UD）文化远超法律最低要求：
  • 许多市政当局设有通用设计标识 / Tsugou（便利）认证
  • “长寿命优质住宅（ChojuJuutaku）”认证用于住宅类
  • 住宅无障碍设有“指定评估（Tokutei Hyouka）”制度

7. Structural Materials and Standards

7. 结构材料与标准

7.1 Material Codes

7.1 材料规范

MaterialReference
Reinforced ConcreteAIJ-RC / JASS 5
Steel StructuresAIJ-S / JASS 6
Composite (Steel-Reinforced Concrete -- SRC)AIJ-SRC
Wood / TimberAIJ-W / JASS 11 / JAS lumber + glulam standards
MasonryAIJ-M / JIS A 5406 (block)
FoundationsAIJ-F / BSA Articles + JIS A 5525 (piles)
材料参考标准
钢筋混凝土AIJ-RC / JASS 5
钢结构AIJ-S / JASS 6
组合结构（钢骨混凝土——SRC）AIJ-SRC
木材/木结构AIJ-W / JASS 11 / JAS木材及胶合木标准
砌体AIJ-M / JIS A 5406（砌块）
基础AIJ-F / BSA相关条款 + JIS A 5525（桩）

7.2 JIS Standards

7.2 JIS标准

The Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) provide product-level specifications:
  • JIS A series -- civil + building
  • JIS B -- machinery
  • JIS C -- electrical
  • JIS G -- iron + steel
日本工业标准（JIS）规定了产品级别的规范：
  • JIS A系列——土木+建筑
  • JIS B——机械
  • JIS C——电气
  • JIS G——钢铁

7.3 Wind (AIJ Recommendations 2015)

7.3 风荷载（2015年AIJ建议）

Japan uses basic wind velocity (Vref) at 30 m height -- varies city by city per AIJ map. Tokyo Vref = 34 m/s. Okinawa coastal (typhoon-prone) Vref up to 46 m/s.
Wind-resistant design also separate consideration:
  • Wind-cycle fatigue for tall buildings
  • Aerodynamic shape coefficients per wind tunnel testing for >60 m
  • Cyclonic/typhoon design distinct from synoptic wind, especially in Okinawa + Kyushu
日本采用30米高度处的基本风速（Vref）——根据AIJ风荷载分布图，各城市取值不同。东京Vref = 34 m/s，冲绳沿海（台风多发区）Vref最高达46 m/s。
抗风设计还需单独考虑：
  • 高层建筑的风致疲劳
  • 高度>60 m的建筑需通过风洞试验确定空气动力体型系数
  • 气旋/台风设计与一般天气风不同，尤其在冲绳和九州地区

8. Permit Workflow

8. 许可流程

8.1 Standard Workflow (Kakunin-shinsei)

8.1 标准流程（Kakunin-shinsei）

  1. Pre-application consultation (Jizen Sodan) with prefecture/Designated City Building Department
  2. Preliminary calculations by Class 1 Architect (Ichi-kyu Kenchikushi)
  3. Submit Building Confirmation Application (Kakunin-shinsei) to designated administrative officer OR private confirmation inspection agency
  4. Confirmation Certificate issued (Kakunin Tsuuchi-sho) within statutory period (varies; 7-35 days)
  5. Structural Calculation Conformance Judgment (Kouzou Keisan Tekigosei Hantei) -- if Tier 2/3 structural -- by accredited body
  6. Performance Evaluation by BCJ (or other accredited) -- if Tier 1 structural
  7. MLIT Minister Approval -- if super-high-rise OR special structure
  8. Periodic Inspections during construction (Chuukan Kensa)
  9. Article 7 Inspection (Kanseikensa) -- final
  10. Inspection Certificate (Kanseikensa-Shomeisho) -- equivalent to certificate of occupancy
  1. 申请前咨询（Jizen Sodan）——与都道府县/政令指定都市建筑部门沟通
  2. 初步计算——由1级建筑师（Ichi-kyu Kenchikushi）完成
  3. 提交建筑确认申请（Kakunin-shinsei）——提交给指定行政官员或民间确认检查机构
  4. 核发确认通知书（Kakunin Tsuuchi-sho）——在法定期限内（7-35天不等）
  5. 结构计算符合性判定（Kouzou Keisan Tekigosei Hantei）——2/3级结构需由认可机构进行
  6. 性能评估——1级结构需由BCJ（或其他认可机构）进行
  7. MLIT大臣批准——超高层或特殊结构需获得
  8. 施工过程中的定期检查（Chuukan Kensa）
  9. 第7条检查（Kanseikensa）——最终检查
  10. 检查合格书（Kanseikensa-Shomeisho）——相当于入住许可证

8.2 Architect Licensing

8.2 建筑师资质

  • Class 1 Architect (Ichi-kyu Kenchikushi) -- can design any building scale
  • Class 2 Architect (Ni-kyu Kenchikushi) -- limited to certain scales/structures
  • Mokuzo Kenchikushi (Wood-Structure Architect) -- limited to wooden buildings
  • Examinations administered by MLIT-designated body; renewed periodically with CPD
  • 1级建筑师（Ichi-kyu Kenchikushi）——可设计任何规模的建筑
  • 2级建筑师（Ni-kyu Kenchikushi）——仅限特定规模/结构的建筑
  • 木造建筑师（Mokuzo Kenchikushi）——仅限木结构建筑
  • 考试由MLIT指定机构组织；需定期参加继续教育（CPD）更新资质

8.3 Special Buildings -- Building Center of Japan (BCJ) Role

8.3 特殊建筑——日本建筑中心（BCJ）的作用

BCJ evaluates buildings beyond standard limits:
  • Super-high-rise (>60 m) -- structural performance evaluation
  • Base-isolated (Menshin)
  • Special structural systems (cable-stayed, tensile, etc.)
  • Long-span structures
  • Special materials (CLT large-scale, etc.)
BCJ issues evaluation certificate which the Confirmation Inspection Agency relies on.
BCJ负责评估超出标准限值的建筑：
  • 超高层（>60 m）——结构性能评估
  • 隔震建筑（Menshin）
  • 特殊结构体系（斜拉结构、张拉结构等）
  • 大跨度结构
  • 特殊材料（大规模CLT等）
BCJ核发的评估证书是确认检查机构的审批依据。

9. Climate Design Parameters

9. 气候设计参数

9.1 Tokyo (Region 5)

9.1 东京（5区）

ParameterValue
Cooling design DB (0.4%)32-34 deg C
Cooling design WB26-27 deg C
Heating design DB (99.6%)0 to -2 deg C
Annual CDD (base 18C)1100-1300
Annual HDD (base 18C)2000-2200
Annual GHI1400 kWh/m2
Wind 3-sec gust (typhoon)50-55 m/s 0.4% probability
Snowfall< 100 mm typical / yr
参数数值
制冷设计干球温度（0.4%）32-34 ℃
制冷设计湿球温度26-27 ℃
采暖设计干球温度（99.6%）0 至 -2 ℃
年制冷度日数（基准18℃）1100-1300
年采暖度日数（基准18℃）2000-2200
年总太阳辐射量1400 kWh/m²
3秒阵风风速（台风）50-55 m/s，0.4%概率
降雪量典型年<100 mm

9.2 Sapporo (Region 2)

9.2 札幌（2区）

ParameterValue
Heating design DB-8 to -10 deg C
Annual HDD3500+
Snow ground load1.5-3.5 kN/m2 (depends on neighbourhood)
参数数值
采暖设计干球温度-8 至 -10 ℃
年采暖度日数3500+
地面积雪荷载1.5-3.5 kN/m²（因区域而异）

9.3 Okinawa (Region 8)

9.3 冲绳（8区）

ParameterValue
Cooling design DB32-33 deg C
Cooling design WB28 deg C
Annual CDD5000+
Annual HDD~50
Typhoon windextreme; design 60+ m/s 3-sec gust
Salt-laden corrosionsevere
参数数值
制冷设计干球温度32-33 ℃
制冷设计湿球温度28 ℃
年制冷度日数5000+
年采暖度日数~50
台风风速极高；设计3秒阵风风速60+ m/s
盐雾腐蚀严重

10. Quick Numeric Reference

10. 快速数值参考

ParameterValueSource
Floor-to-floor residential2.8-3.0 mBSA + practice
Floor-to-floor office3.5-4.0 mClass A spec; 2.5 m min clear
Hotel ceiling clear2.4 m minBSA
Corridor width residential (multi-storey)1.2 mBSA Enforcement Order 119
Corridor width Special Building1.6 mBSA Enforcement Order 119
Stair width residential1.2 mBSA Enforcement Order 23
Stair max riser23 cm (residential); 18 cm (Special)BSA
Stair min going15 cm (residential); 24 cm (Special)BSA
Travel distance sprinklered (general)50 mBSA Enforcement Order 120
Seismic C0 (Level 1)0.2BSA + AIJ-S
Seismic C0 (Level 2)1.0 (general); 1.5 (important)BSA + AIJ-S
UA Tokyo (Region 5)0.87 W/m2K maxSho-Energy Ho
Yoseki-ritsu Commercial200-1300%City Planning Act
Kenpei-ritsu Residential30-60%City Planning Act
Daylight hours required (Region 5 winter)3 hours mid-winterLocal ordinance
参数数值来源
住宅层高2.8-3.0 mBSA +行业惯例
办公层高3.5-4.0 m甲级标准；最小净高2.5 m
酒店吊顶净高最小2.4 mBSA
住宅走廊宽度（多层）1.2 mBSA施行令第119条
特殊建筑走廊宽度1.6 mBSA施行令第119条
住宅楼梯宽度1.2 mBSA施行令第23条
楼梯最大踢面高度23 cm（住宅）；18 cm（特殊建筑）BSA
楼梯最小踏面宽度15 cm（住宅）；24 cm（特殊建筑）BSA
设喷淋建筑最大疏散距离（一般）50 mBSA施行令第120条
地震剪力系数C0（1级）0.2BSA + AIJ-S
地震剪力系数C0（2级）1.0（一般）；1.5（重要建筑）BSA + AIJ-S
东京UA限值（5区）最大0.87 W/m²KSho-Energy Ho
商业地域Yoseki-ritsu200-1300%《城市规划法》
居住地域Kenpei-ritsu30-60%《城市规划法》
要求日照时长（5区冬季）仲冬3小时地方条例

11. Application Workflow

11. 应用流程

  1. Identify prefecture / Designated City (or special wards in Tokyo).
  2. Identify use district + yoseki-ritsu + kenpei-ritsu + height limit + daylighting setbacks.
  3. Determine if Special Building (Tokushu Kenchikubutsu).
  4. Determine structural review tier (1, 2, 3, 4) per BSA Article 20.
  5. Apply BSA + Enforcement Order + MLIT Notifications for general design.
  6. Apply Fire Service Act + Local Fire Department for fire-fighting systems.
  7. Apply Sho-Energy Ho for energy.
  8. Apply Heart Building Law if Designated Building scale.
  9. Apply AIJ-RC / AIJ-S / AIJ-W standards for structural materials.
  10. Engage BCJ or other accredited body if structural performance evaluation needed.
  11. Cite clauses: "Building Standards Act Article 20", "BSA Enforcement Order Article 120", "MLIT Notification 1457 of 2000 (Kokuji)", "AIJ Recommendations for Loads on Buildings 2015", "Sho-Energy Ho 2015 Article 11", "Heart Building Law Implementation Standards Section 13".
  1. 确定都道府县/政令指定都市（或东京特别区）。
  2. 确定用途地域+ yoseki-ritsu + kenpei-ritsu +高度限制+采光退距。
  3. 判定是否为特殊建筑（Tokushu Kenchikubutsu）。
  4. 根据BSA第20条确定结构审查层级（1、2、3、4级）。
  5. 适用BSA +施行令+ MLIT告示进行一般设计。
  6. 适用《消防法》+地方消防部门要求设计灭火系统。
  7. 适用Sho-Energy Ho进行节能设计。
  8. 达到指定建筑规模的，适用《爱心建筑法》。
  9. 适用AIJ-RC / AIJ-S / AIJ-W标准进行结构材料设计。
  10. 如需结构性能评估，委托BCJ或其他认可机构。
  11. 条款引用示例：“《建筑基准法》第20条”、“BSA施行令第120条”、“2000年MLIT第1457号告示（Kokuji）”、“2015年AIJ建筑荷载建议”、“2015年Sho-Energy Ho第11条”、“《爱心建筑法》实施标准第13节”。

12. Authoritative Sources

12. 权威来源

  • MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism) -- mlit.go.jp
  • Building Center of Japan (BCJ, Nihon Kenchiku Center) -- bcj.or.jp -- structural evaluation, technical guidelines
  • Japan Architectural Institute (AIJ, Nihon Kenchiku Gakkai) -- aij.or.jp -- structural recommendations
  • Architectural Institute of Japan -- JASS series -- Japanese Architectural Standard Specifications
  • JIS via Japan Standards Association (JSA) -- jsa.or.jp
  • Fire and Disaster Management Agency (FDMA, Shobo Cho) -- fdma.go.jp
  • Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE) -- jsce.or.jp
  • Institute for Building Environment + Energy Conservation (IBEC) -- ibec.or.jp -- CASBEE
  • METI (Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry) -- meti.go.jp -- ZEB/ZEH subsidies
  • Japan Sustainable Building Database (CASBEE certified projects) -- ibec.or.jp/CASBEE
  • Tokyo Metropolitan Government Bureau of Urban Development -- toshiseibi.metro.tokyo.lg.jp
  • Each prefecture building department -- prefectural government websites
  • Architect license examination via Japan Architects Association -- jia.or.jp
Cross-references: load 
building-codes
for general code structure (Japan BSA is distinct -- two-statute fire system); 
fire-life-safety
for general principles overlaid by BSA fire-resistance + Fire Service Act active provisions; 
accessibility-design
for global frameworks then Heart Building Law; 
building-sustainability
for CASBEE + LEED + Passivhaus comparison; 
structural-systems
for seismic-specific design (Japan two-level + base isolation expertise); 
building-envelope
for severe climate (subarctic to subtropical) + typhoon detailing.
  • 国土交通省（MLIT, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism）——mlit.go.jp
  • 日本建筑中心（BCJ, Nihon Kenchiku Center）——bcj.or.jp——结构评估、技术指南
  • 日本建筑学会（AIJ, Nihon Kenchiku Gakkai）——aij.or.jp——结构建议
  • 日本建筑学会——JASS系列——日本建筑标准规范
  • 日本标准协会（JSA）发布的JIS标准——jsa.or.jp
  • 消防厅（FDMA, Shobo Cho）——fdma.go.jp
  • 日本土木学会（JSCE）——jsce.or.jp
  • 建筑环境与节能机构（IBEC）——ibec.or.jp——CASBEE
  • 经济产业省（METI, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry）——meti.go.jp——ZEB/ZEH补贴
  • 日本可持续建筑数据库（CASBEE认证项目）——ibec.or.jp/CASBEE
  • 东京都都市整备局——toshiseibi.metro.tokyo.lg.jp
  • 各都道府县建筑部门——各都道府县政府官网
  • 日本建筑师协会组织的建筑师资质考试——jia.or.jp
交叉参考：加载
building-codes
可查看通用法规结构（日本BSA独具特色——双法规防火体系）；加载
fire-life-safety
可查看通用原则，以及BSA耐火+《消防法》主动消防条款的叠加要求；加载
accessibility-design
可查看全球框架及《爱心建筑法》的对应要求；加载
building-sustainability
可查看CASBEE与LEED、Passivhaus的对比；加载
structural-systems
可查看抗震专项设计（日本两级体系+隔震专业技术）；加载
building-envelope
可查看极端气候（亚寒带到亚热带）+台风细部设计。