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Country: India

国家/地区:印度

Architectural code and regulatory reference for projects located in any Indian state or Union Territory. Activate this skill whenever the project location is in India, when an Indian city is referenced, when Indian rupee currency or area-units like "square feet built-up" / "carpet area" / "lakh" / "crore" appear, or when codes like NBC, ECBC, or IS series are mentioned.

适用于印度任何邦或中央直辖区项目的建筑规范与监管参考。当项目位于印度、提及印度城市、出现印度卢比货币或“平方英尺建筑面积”/“地毯面积”/“lakh(十万)”/“crore(千万)”等面积单位,或提及NBC、ECBC或IS系列等规范时,激活此技能。

1. Regulatory Hierarchy

1. 监管层级

India operates as Archetype B (National Model + State Adoption), with significant deviation between national framework and state/municipal enforcement.
印度采用B类模式(国家范本 + 邦级采纳),国家框架与邦/市政执行层面存在显著差异。

1.1 Authority Stack

1.1 管理体系层级

LEVEL 1 -- NATIONAL FRAMEWORK (advisory, except where state has adopted)
  - Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) -- publishes NBC 2016 + IS codes
  - Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) -- urban policy
  - Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) -- ECBC 2017, ECBC-R 2018
  - Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) -- EIA notifications
  - National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) -- guidelines
  - Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) -- height NOC near aerodromes

LEVEL 2 -- STATE FRAMEWORK (legally binding)
  - State Town & Country Planning Department -- planning laws
  - State Fire Services -- Fire NOC, periodic renewal
  - State Pollution Control Board -- Consent to Establish/Operate
  - State Electricity Regulatory Commission -- electrical sanction

LEVEL 3 -- LOCAL FRAMEWORK (legally binding, project-specific)
  - Municipal Corporation OR Development Authority -- Building Permit
    + MCGM (Greater Mumbai), MCD (Delhi), BBMP (Bangalore), GCC (Chennai),
      GHMC (Hyderabad), KMC (Kolkata), PMC (Pune), AMC (Ahmedabad),
      MCC (Chandigarh), etc.
    + MMRDA, DDA, BDA, CMDA, HMDA, KMDA -- jurisdictional Development Authorities
  - District Magistrate / Collector -- land use, NA conversion
  - Local Fire Services -- on-site NOC

LEVEL 4 -- PROJECT-SPECIFIC CLEARANCES
  - EC (Environmental Clearance) for >20,000 sqm built-up (EIA 2006 + amendments)
  - Aviation NOC if within 20-km of aerodrome reference point
  - Heritage NOC if within heritage precinct (ASI/SHA)
  - Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) clearance per CRZ 2019
  - Forest clearance if on forest land
  - Defence/Army NOC if within designated zones
  - RERA registration if >500 sqm or >8 apartments (RERA Act 2016)
LEVEL 1 -- NATIONAL FRAMEWORK (advisory, except where state has adopted)
  - Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) -- publishes NBC 2016 + IS codes
  - Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) -- urban policy
  - Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) -- ECBC 2017, ECBC-R 2018
  - Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) -- EIA notifications
  - National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) -- guidelines
  - Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) -- height NOC near aerodromes

LEVEL 2 -- STATE FRAMEWORK (legally binding)
  - State Town & Country Planning Department -- planning laws
  - State Fire Services -- Fire NOC, periodic renewal
  - State Pollution Control Board -- Consent to Establish/Operate
  - State Electricity Regulatory Commission -- electrical sanction

LEVEL 3 -- LOCAL FRAMEWORK (legally binding, project-specific)
  - Municipal Corporation OR Development Authority -- Building Permit
    + MCGM (Greater Mumbai), MCD (Delhi), BBMP (Bangalore), GCC (Chennai),
      GHMC (Hyderabad), KMC (Kolkata), PMC (Pune), AMC (Ahmedabad),
      MCC (Chandigarh), etc.
    + MMRDA, DDA, BDA, CMDA, HMDA, KMDA -- jurisdictional Development Authorities
  - District Magistrate / Collector -- land use, NA conversion
  - Local Fire Services -- on-site NOC

LEVEL 4 -- PROJECT-SPECIFIC CLEARANCES
  - EC (Environmental Clearance) for >20,000 sqm built-up (EIA 2006 + amendments)
  - Aviation NOC if within 20-km of aerodrome reference point
  - Heritage NOC if within heritage precinct (ASI/SHA)
  - Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) clearance per CRZ 2019
  - Forest clearance if on forest land
  - Defence/Army NOC if within designated zones
  - RERA registration if >500 sqm or >8 apartments (RERA Act 2016)

1.2 NBC 2016 Status

1.2 NBC 2016 实施状态

The National Building Code of India 2016 (NBC 2016, BIS SP 7:2016, two volumes, ~3,500 pages) is advisory at the national level. It becomes binding only when:
  • A state government formally adopts it (most have, fully or partially)
  • A municipal corporation references it in its Building Bye-Laws (most major cities do)
  • A specific clause is cited in a court order or RERA ruling
NBC 2016 is organized in 12 Parts (P1 to P12), with several Parts subdivided into Sections:
PartTitleContent
Part 1DefinitionsGlossary, references
Part 2AdministrationPermit process, sanctioning authority duties
Part 3Development Control Rules + General Building RequirementsSetbacks, FAR, open spaces, common requirements
Part 4Fire and Life SafetyCompartmentation, exits, fire ratings, sprinklers (the most-cited Part)
Part 5Building MaterialsIS-spec material requirements
Part 6Structural DesignSection 1 Loads; 2 Soils & Foundations; 3 Timber; 4 Masonry; 5 Concrete; 6 Steel; 7 Prefab; 8 Glass
Part 7Construction Management, Practices and SafetySite safety, scaffolding, demolition
Part 8Building ServicesSection 1 Lighting; 2 Electrical; 3 Air-conditioning; 4 Acoustics; 5 Plumbing/Drainage; 6 Lifts/Escalators
Part 9Plumbing ServicesSection 1 Water Supply; 2 Drainage; 3 Solid Waste; 4 Gas Supply
Part 10Landscape, Signs and Outdoor DisplayStreetscape requirements
Part 11Approach to SustainabilityNBC's sustainability framework (predates GRIHA mandate)
Part 12Asset and Facility ManagementOperations & maintenance
《2016年印度国家建筑规范》(NBC 2016,BIS SP 7:2016,共两卷,约3500页)在国家层面为指导性文件。仅在以下情况具有约束力:
  • 邦政府正式采纳该规范(多数邦已全部或部分采纳)
  • 市政公司在其《建筑细则》中引用该规范(多数主要城市均如此)
  • 特定条款被法院命令或RERA裁决引用
NBC 2016分为12个部分(P1至P12),部分细分为多个章节:
部分标题内容
第1部分定义术语表、参考文件
第2部分行政管理许可流程、审批机构职责
第3部分开发控制规则 + 通用建筑要求退界、FAR(容积率)、开放空间、通用要求
第4部分消防与生命安全防火分区、出口、耐火等级、喷淋系统(引用最多的部分)
第5部分建筑材料符合IS标准的材料要求
第6部分结构设计第1节 荷载;第2节 土壤与地基;第3节 木材;第4节 砌体;第5节 混凝土;第6节 钢材;第7节 预制构件;第8节 玻璃
第7部分施工管理、实践与安全现场安全、脚手架、拆除作业
第8部分建筑设备第1节 照明;第2节 电气;第3节 空调;第4节 声学;第5节 给排水;第6节 电梯/自动扶梯
第9部分给排水服务第1节 供水;第2节 排水;第3节 固体废物;第4节 燃气供应
第10部分景观、标识与户外展示街景要求
第11部分可持续性方案NBC可持续性框架(早于GRIHA强制要求)
第12部分资产与设施管理运营与维护

1.3 Code Adoption Status by State

1.3 各邦规范采纳状态

State / UTNBC 2016 AdoptionECBC 2017 MandatedNotes
MaharashtraFull (UDCPR 2020)Yes, since 2018Mumbai uses MCGM DCPR 2034; rest of state uses Unified DCPR 2020
Delhi NCTFull via MPD 2041 + Building Bye-Laws 2016Yes, since 2017DDA/MCD apply NBC + DUAC review for heritage areas
KarnatakaFull via KMBBL 2003 (updated)Yes, since 2018Bangalore zoning regs under BDA + BBMP bye-laws
Tamil NaduFull via TNCDBR 2019Yes, since 2018Chennai under CMDA Master Plan-II + TN Combined DCR & Building Rules 2019
TelanganaFull via GO 168/2012 + updatesYes, since 2017HMDA / GHMC bye-laws + 2020 amendments
Andhra PradeshFull via APBBR 2017 + 2020 amendmentsYesAPCRDA for Amaravati / VMRDA Vizag
West BengalFull via KMC Building Rules 2009 + amendmentsYes, since 2019Kolkata under KMC + KMDA; rest of state under state PWD rules
GujaratFull via GDCR 2017 (Comprehensive General Development Control Regulations)Yes, since 2018Ahmedabad AUDA, Surat SUDA, Vadodara VUDA
RajasthanFull via Rajasthan Building Bye-Laws 2020YesJDA for Jaipur, AUIT for Ajmer, JODA for Jodhpur
Uttar PradeshFull via UPABBR 2008 + amendmentsYes, since 2018Lucknow LDA, NOIDA, Greater NOIDA Authorities
KeralaFull via KMBR/KPBR 2019 (revised 2024)Yes, since 2019Local Self Government Department supervises
PunjabFull via PMBBR 2018YesEach Municipal Corporation has variation
HaryanaFull via HBC 2017 + 2019 amendmentsYes, since 2017HUDA / HSVP for new sectors, GMDA for Gurugram
Madhya PradeshFull via MPBBL 2012 + amendmentsYesTPS schemes prevail in larger cities
BiharPartial; State Building Bye-Laws 2014Partial (large commercial only)BMC Patna; older infrastructure
OdishaFull via OBBL 2018Yes, since 2019BDA Bhubaneswar, CDA Cuttack
AssamPartial; ABBL 2014LimitedGMDA Guwahati; northeastern states often follow Assam by reference
All NE StatesVariable; most defer to NBC + Assam patternLimitedVariable adoption
Jammu & KashmirReorganised 2019; JK Building Bye-Laws under revision--UT administration; J&K Master Plan 2035 in force
Chandigarh UTChandigarh Building Rules (Urban) 2017YesLe Corbusier zoning preserved
GoaGTCP Act 1974 + Regulations 2010 + 2020 amendmentsPartialCoastal restrictions paramount
When advising on a specific project, always confirm: (i) which state, (ii) which city's Municipal Corporation or Development Authority, (iii) date of pending Building Permit application (as code version in force depends on application date).

邦/中央直辖区NBC 2016 采纳情况ECBC 2017 强制实施备注
马哈拉施特拉邦全部采纳(UDCPR 2020)是,自2018年起孟买采用MCGM DCPR 2034;邦内其他地区采用统一DCPR 2020
德里国家首都辖区通过MPD 2041 + 2016年建筑细则全部采纳是,自2017年起DDA/MCD执行NBC规范,遗产区域需经DUAC审核
卡纳塔克邦通过KMBBL 2003(已更新)全部采纳是,自2018年起班加罗尔分区规划由BDA + BBMP细则管辖
泰米尔纳德邦通过TNCDBR 2019全部采纳是,自2018年起金奈受CMDA第二总体规划 + TNCDBR 2019管辖
特伦甘纳邦通过GO 168/2012 + 更新全部采纳是,自2017年起HMDA / GHMC细则 + 2020年修正案
安得拉邦通过APBBR 2017 + 2020年修正案全部采纳阿马拉瓦蒂由APCRDA管辖;维沙卡帕特南由VMRDA管辖
西孟加拉邦通过KMC建筑规则2009 + 修正案全部采纳是,自2019年起加尔各答由KMC + KMDA管辖;邦内其他地区由邦PWD规则管辖
古吉拉特邦通过GDCR 2017(综合通用开发控制条例)全部采纳是,自2018年起艾哈迈达巴德AUDA、苏拉特SUDA、瓦多达拉VUDA
拉贾斯坦邦通过《2020年拉贾斯坦邦建筑细则》全部采纳斋浦尔由JDA管辖;阿杰梅尔由AUIT管辖;焦特布尔由JODA管辖
北方邦通过UPABBR 2008 + 修正案全部采纳是,自2018年起勒克瑙LDA、诺伊达、大诺伊达管理局
喀拉拉邦通过KMBR/KPBR 2019(2024年修订)全部采纳是,自2019年起由地方自治政府部门监管
旁遮普邦通过PMBBR 2018全部采纳各市政公司存在差异
哈里亚纳邦通过HBC 2017 + 2019年修正案全部采纳是,自2017年起新片区由HUDA / HSVP管辖;古尔冈由GMDA管辖
中央邦通过MPBBL 2012 + 修正案全部采纳大城市中TPS方案优先适用
比哈尔邦部分采纳;《2014年邦建筑细则》部分采纳(仅大型商业建筑)巴特那BMC;基础设施较老旧
奥里萨邦通过OBBL 2018全部采纳是,自2019年起布巴内斯瓦尔BDA、克塔克CDA
阿萨姆邦部分采纳;ABBL 2014有限适用古瓦哈提GMDA;东北各邦通常参照阿萨姆邦执行
所有东北邦情况不一;多数参照NBC + 阿萨姆邦模式有限适用采纳程度不一
查谟和克什米尔2019年重组;JK建筑细则正在修订——由中央直辖区政府管理;《查谟和克什米尔总体规划2035》现行有效
昌迪加尔中央直辖区《2017年昌迪加尔(城市)建筑规则》保留勒·柯布西耶的分区规划
果阿邦《1974年GTCP法案》 + 2010年条例 + 2020年修正案部分采纳沿海限制为首要考量
在为特定项目提供建议时,务必确认:(i) 所属邦;(ii) 对应城市的市政公司或开发局;(iii) 待办建筑许可申请的日期(因为生效的规范版本取决于申请日期)。

2. Building Code Core Requirements (NBC 2016 Part 3 + Part 4)

2. 建筑规范核心要求(NBC 2016 第3部分 + 第4部分)

2.1 Occupancy Classification (NBC 2016 Part 4, 3.1)

2.1 使用功能分类(NBC 2016 第4部分 3.1节)

NBC defines 9 Occupancy Groups (A through I):
GroupOccupancySubdivisionsExamples
AResidentialA-1 Lodging; A-2 One-family/Two-family; A-3 Dormitories; A-4 Apartment houses; A-5 Hotels; A-6 Starred HotelsApartments, hostels, hotels
BEducationalB-1 Schools up to senior secondary; B-2 All others (colleges, universities)Schools, colleges
CInstitutionalC-1 Hospitals/sanatoria; C-2 Custodial institutions; C-3 Penal institutionsHospitals, jails, orphanages
DAssemblyD-1 (>1000 persons); D-2 (>300, <=1000); D-3 (>100, <=300); D-4 (<=100); D-5 Outdoor assembly; D-6 Cinemas/theatres; D-7 StadiaTheatres, halls, marriage halls
EBusinessE-1 Offices; E-2 Laboratories; E-3 Research; E-4 Tele-call centresOffices, IT parks
FMercantileF-1 Retail (small); F-2 Wholesale; F-3 Super markets/Department storesShops, malls
GIndustrialG-1 Low hazard; G-2 Moderate; G-3 High hazardFactories, mills
HStorageH-1 (low); H-2 (moderate)Warehouses
IHazardous(specially regulated)Chemical plants, magazines, oil/gas
NBC定义了9个使用功能类别(A至I)
类别使用功能细分类别示例
A类居住A-1 寄宿住宅;A-2 独户/双户住宅;A-3 宿舍;A-4 公寓住宅;A-5 酒店;A-6 星级酒店公寓、宿舍、酒店
B类教育B-1 高中及以下学校;B-2 其他教育机构(学院、大学)学校、学院
C类机构C-1 医院/疗养院;C-2 监护机构;C-3 刑罚机构医院、监狱、孤儿院
D类集会D-1(>1000人);D-2(>300人,≤1000人);D-3(>100人,≤300人);D-4(≤100人);D-5 户外集会;D-6 电影院/剧院;D-7 体育场剧院、礼堂、婚宴厅
E类商务E-1 办公室;E-2 实验室;E-3 研发机构;E-4 呼叫中心办公楼、IT园区
F类商业F-1 小型零售;F-2 批发;F-3 超市/百货商店商店、商场
G类工业G-1 低危险级;G-2 中危险级;G-3 高危险级工厂、制造厂
H类仓储H-1(低危险级);H-2(中危险级)仓库
I类危险品(专项监管)化工厂、弹药库、油气设施

2.2 Height & Area Limits

2.2 高度与面积限制

NBC 2016 has no single height-vs-construction-type table equivalent to IBC Table 504; instead, height/area limits are embedded in Part 4 (Fire), Part 3 (Development), and state DCRs.
Critical thresholds:
ThresholdTriggerSource
High-Rise Building>= 15 m height (residential, hotel) OR >= 18 m (other occupancies) -- from average ground levelNBC 2016 Part 4, 3.1.40
Special BuildingGroup D-1/D-2/D-6 (assembly), Group E factories with hazardous material, Group H, hotels with floor area >500 sqm + height >9 m, hospitals >9 m, schools >9 m, basement >300 sqmNBC 2016 Part 4, 3.1.84
EIA Threshold>20,000 sqm built-up area (per EIA Notification 2006 + 2014 amendment + January 2020 amendment) -- Category B2 with State EIA Authority; >150,000 sqm or specific industries -- Category A with national MoEFCCEIA Notification 2006 (and amendments)
Fire NOC RequiredAll high-rise buildings, special buildings, hospitals, hotels with >= 20 rooms; some states require below these thresholds tooNBC 2016 Part 4 + state Fire Services rules
RERA RegistrationProject on >500 sqm OR >8 apartmentsRERA Act 2016 Sec. 3
Aviation NOCBuildings within 20 km of aerodrome reference point (varies by airport classification)DGCA NOCAS 2.0 portal; per aircraft operator restrictions
NBC 2016没有类似IBC表504的统一高度-建筑类型对照表;高度/面积限制分散在第4部分(消防)、第3部分(开发)以及各邦DCR中。
关键阈值:
阈值触发条件依据来源
高层建筑高度≥15米(居住、酒店类)或≥18米(其他使用功能)——从平均地面标高算起NBC 2016 第4部分 3.1.40条
特殊建筑D-1/D-2/D-6类(集会)、存放危险品的E类工厂、H类仓储、建筑面积>500平方米且高度>9米的酒店、高度>9米的医院、高度>9米的学校、地下室面积>300平方米NBC 2016 第4部分 3.1.84条
EIA阈值建筑面积>20,000平方米(依据《2006年环境影响评价通知》+2014年修正案+2020年1月修正案)——B2类由邦EIA主管部门审批;>150,000平方米或特定行业——A类由国家MoEFCC审批《2006年环境影响评价通知》(及修正案)
需取得消防NOC所有高层建筑、特殊建筑、医院、客房≥20间的酒店;部分邦对低于上述阈值的建筑也有要求NBC 2016 第4部分 + 邦消防局规则
RERA注册项目占地面积>500平方米或公寓数量>8套《2016年RERA法案》第3条
航空NOC位于机场基准点20公里范围内的建筑(视机场等级而定)DGCA NOCAS 2.0门户;按航空器运营方限制执行

2.3 Setback & FAR (Indicative -- state DCR governs)

2.3 退界与FAR(仅供参考——以邦DCR为准)

FAR (Floor Area Ratio) in India is computed differently across states. Some include balconies/lifts, others exclude. Always confirm with the local DCR.
CityTypical Residential FARTypical Commercial FARNotes
Mumbai (MCGM DCPR 2034)Base 1.33, Permissible 3.0 (with premium FSI + TDR), up to 5.0 in TODBase 1.33, up to 5.0 with premiumDistinction: "Built-up FSI" vs "Composite FSI"; transit-oriented zones higher
Delhi (MPD 2041 + Unified Building Bye-Laws 2016)200-350% (varies by plot size); up to 400% mixed-use200-450%"FAR" used, includes mezzanine; balconies excluded if <=10%
Bangalore (BBMP Bye-Laws 2003)1.75 (up to 3.25 for big plots), TDR-augmented1.75-3.25RMP 2031 increased FAR with road width
Chennai (CMDA Second Master Plan)1.5-2.0 (special buildings up to 2.5)2.0-3.5Premium FSI 50% extra on payment
Hyderabad (GO 168 + GHMC)Unlimited (subject to setback + height + insurance), within Master PlanUnlimited subject to sameInsurance premium based on height
Kolkata (KMC Building Rules 2009)Varies by ward; 1.5-3.52.0-4.0"FAR" computed on plot area + 25% road area
Pune (Maharashtra UDCPR 2020)1.1-2.5 base, premium up to 3.5SameAligned with MCGM concept of permissible vs base
Ahmedabad (Gujarat GDCR 2017)Up to 2.7 (RC), 4.0 (CBD)Up to 5.0 in CBD/TODAligned with state CGDCR
Gurugram (HBC 2017)1.45-1.75 (varies by zone)1.75-3.5Floor-Area-Ratio + ground coverage limits
NOIDA (UP)2.75-3.5 (group housing)4.0 (mixed-use)NOIDA Building Regulations 2010 + amendments
Indian DCRs typically also limit:
  • Ground Coverage (separate from FAR): often 25-50% residential, 50-60% commercial
  • Setbacks: front 3-12 m, side 3-6 m, rear 3-6 m (depends on plot size + abutting road)
  • Height: implicit via FAR + setback + ground coverage interaction; explicit only for special zones (heritage, aviation, defence)
  • Parking: 1.0-2.0 cars per dwelling (city-dependent); commercial = 1 per 50-100 sqm GFA; ECS = Equivalent Car Space

印度的FAR(容积率)计算方式各邦不同。部分邦将阳台/电梯计入,部分则不计入。务必以当地DCR为准。
城市典型居住类FAR典型商业类FAR备注
孟买(MCGM DCPR 2034)基准1.33,许可值3.0(含溢价FSI + TDR),TOD区域最高可达5.0基准1.33,含溢价最高5.0区分“建筑面积FSI”与“综合FSI”;公交导向开发区域更高
德里(MPD 2041 + 2016年统一建筑细则)200-350%(视地块大小而定);混合用途最高400%200-450%采用“FAR”概念,含夹层面积;阳台占比≤10%则不计入
班加罗尔(BBMP 2003年细则)1.75(大地块最高3.25),可通过TDR提高1.75-3.25RMP 2031根据道路宽度提高了FAR
金奈(CMDA第二总体规划)1.5-2.0(特殊建筑最高2.5)2.0-3.5缴纳费用可获得50%溢价FSI
海得拉巴(GO 168 + GHMC)无上限(需满足退界 + 高度 + 保险要求),符合总体规划即可同左,无上限保险费根据高度计算
加尔各答(KMC建筑规则2009)因 ward 而异;1.5-3.52.0-4.0“FAR”按地块面积 + 25%道路面积计算
浦那(马哈拉施特拉邦UDCPR 2020)基准1.1-2.5,溢价后最高3.5同左与MCGM的基准值/许可值概念一致
艾哈迈达巴德(古吉拉特邦GDCR 2017)最高2.7(钢筋混凝土结构),CBD区域4.0CBD/TOD区域最高5.0与邦CGDCR保持一致
古尔冈(HBC 2017)1.45-1.75(因区域而异)1.75-3.5容积率 + 建筑密度双重限制
诺伊达(北方邦)2.75-3.5(集合住宅)4.0(混合用途)《2010年诺伊达建筑条例》 + 修正案
印度DCR通常还限制以下内容:
  • 建筑密度(与FAR分开计算):居住类通常为25-50%,商业类为50-60%
  • 退界:正面3-12米,侧面3-6米,背面3-6米(取决于地块大小 + 毗邻道路情况)
  • 高度:通过FAR + 退界 + 建筑密度的相互作用隐含限制;仅特殊区域(遗产、航空、国防)有明确高度限制
  • 停车:每户1.0-2.0个车位(因城市而异);商业类每50-100平方米GFA配1个车位;ECS = 等效车位

3. Fire Safety (NBC 2016 Part 4 + IS 15683)

3. 消防安全(NBC 2016 第4部分 + IS 15683)

3.1 Travel Distances

3.1 疏散距离

NBC 2016 Part 4 Table 7:
OccupancyWithout Sprinkler (m)With Sprinkler (m)
Group A Residential22.530.0
Group B Educational22.530.0
Group C Institutional22.5 (limited single-storey)30.0
Group D Assembly22.5 (max with smoke detection)30.0
Group E Business30.045.0
Group F Mercantile22.537.5
Group G Industrialvaries by hazardvaries
Group H Storagevariesvaries
Group I Hazardous18.022.5
(Cross-reference: IBC 2024 allows 76.2 m for sprinklered business. India is significantly more restrictive.)
NBC 2016 第4部分 表7:
使用功能无喷淋系统(米)有喷淋系统(米)
A类 居住22.530.0
B类 教育22.530.0
C类 机构22.5(仅限单层建筑)30.0
D类 集会22.5(设烟雾探测时的最大值)30.0
E类 商务30.045.0
F类 商业22.537.5
G类 工业因危险等级而异因危险等级而异
H类 仓储因危险等级而异因危险等级而异
I类 危险品18.022.5
(交叉参考:IBC 2024规定有喷淋的商务建筑疏散距离可达76.2米。印度的规定严格得多。)

3.2 Means of Egress -- Stair Capacity (NBC 2016 Part 4, 4.4)

3.2 疏散设施——楼梯疏散能力(NBC 2016 第4部分 4.4节)

  • Minimum stair width -- High-rise residential 1.5 m; Hospital 2.0 m; Educational 2.0 m for assembly capacity >300; Business 1.5 m
  • Minimum exit door width -- 1.0 m (residential), 1.5 m (institutional/assembly main exit), 2.0 m (large assembly)
  • Maximum dead-end corridor -- 6.0 m (most occupancies), 4.5 m for institutional (Group C)
  • Capacity factor -- Stair: 60 persons per unit (one unit width = 500 mm); Doors: 75 persons per unit. So 1.5 m stair = 3 units = 180 persons; 1.0 m door = 2 units = 150 persons.
  • Refuge area -- Mandatory on every floor for high-rise residential (Group A) of height >= 24 m; calculated as 0.3 sqm per occupant of upper floors served; located adjacent to fire-escape stair, accessed via 2-hour fire-rated lobby. (Critical: this is a Mumbai/Delhi enforcement priority.)
  • 最小楼梯宽度——高层住宅1.5米;医院2.0米;集会容量>300人的教育建筑2.0米;商务建筑1.5米
  • 最小出口门宽度——1.0米(居住类),1.5米(机构/集会类主出口),2.0米(大型集会场所)
  • 最大尽端走廊长度——6.0米(多数使用功能),机构类(C类)为4.5米
  • 容量系数——楼梯:每单位宽度60人(1单位宽度=500毫米);门:每单位宽度75人。因此1.5米宽楼梯=3单位=180人;1.0米宽门=2单位=150人。
  • 避难区——高度≥24米的高层住宅(A类)每层必须设置;按所服务上层楼层每人0.3平方米计算;紧邻消防楼梯,通过耐火极限2小时的前室进入。(重要提示:这是孟买/德里的执法重点。)

3.3 Fire Compartmentation

3.3 防火分区

NBC 2016 Part 4 Table 22:
Building Type / HeightRequired Fire Rating
Non-high-rise, non-special2-hour structural, 2-hour compartment walls
High-rise residential (15-45 m)2-hour
High-rise residential (>45 m)3-hour
High-rise non-residential (18-45 m)2-hour
High-rise non-residential (>45 m)3-hour
Special buildings4-hour (large assemblies, hospitals)
Basement (>= 2 levels)4-hour external; sprinklered
Compartment size limits: maximum 750 sqm per compartment in basement; 2,000 sqm above grade for office (E); 1,500 sqm assembly (D); 1,000 sqm hospital (C).
NBC 2016 第4部分 表22:
建筑类型/高度要求耐火等级
非高层、非特殊建筑结构耐火2小时,防火隔墙耐火2小时
高层住宅(15-45米)2小时
高层住宅(>45米)3小时
高层非居住建筑(18-45米)2小时
高层非居住建筑(>45米)3小时
特殊建筑4小时(大型集会场所、医院)
地下室(≥2层)外墙耐火4小时;设喷淋系统
防火分区面积限制: 地下室每个防火分区最大750平方米;地上办公建筑(E类)2000平方米;集会建筑(D类)1500平方米;医院(C类)1000平方米。

3.4 Sprinkler Requirements

3.4 喷淋系统要求

  • Mandatory for all High-Rise Buildings >= 15 m (Group A), >= 18 m others
  • Mandatory for all Special Buildings regardless of height
  • All basements >= 300 sqm
  • All hospitals > 9 m height
  • All hotels > 15 m height OR > 30 keys
Sprinkler systems are designed per IS 15105:2002 (sprinklers) + TAC (Tariff Advisory Committee) Rules for fire insurance purposes. NFPA 13 is sometimes referenced for fire engineering.
  • 所有高层建筑必须设置:A类≥15米,其他类≥18米
  • 所有特殊建筑必须设置,无论高度
  • 所有面积≥300平方米的地下室
  • 所有高度>9米的医院
  • 所有高度>15米或客房数>30间的酒店
喷淋系统设计依据IS 15105:2002(喷淋系统) + 用于火灾保险的TAC(关税咨询委员会)规则。消防工程中有时会参考NFPA 13。

3.5 Fire Lifts (NBC 2016 Part 4, 4.5)

3.5 消防电梯(NBC 2016 第4部分 4.5节)

  • Required: all high-rise buildings (>15 m residential, >18 m others)
  • Minimum 1 fire lift per 1,200 sqm floor area, minimum 2 per building
  • Capacity: minimum 545 kg, dimensions per IS 14665
  • Speed: 1.0 m/s minimum, to be able to reach top floor in <= 1 minute
  • Fire lift lobby: enclosed, 2-hour fire-rated, positive pressurized (50 Pa)
  • Communication: dedicated firefighter intercom
  • 设置要求:所有高层建筑(居住类>15米,其他类>18米)
  • 每1200平方米楼层面积至少设1台消防电梯,每栋建筑至少设2台
  • 载重:最小545千克,尺寸符合IS 14665
  • 速度:最小1.0米/秒,需能在1分钟内到达顶层
  • 消防电梯前室:封闭、耐火极限2小时、正压送风(50 Pa)
  • 通信系统:专用消防员对讲系统

3.6 Refuge Floors (High-rise > 24 m, NBC Part 4 4.6.6.4)

3.6 避难层(高度>24米的高层建筑,NBC第4部分 4.6.6.4条)

  • Refuge floor required every 24 m (Mumbai stricter: every 7 floors via DCPR 2034)
  • Refuge area: minimum 15 sqm OR 0.3 sqm/person served, whichever larger
  • Refuge floor not to be used for any other purpose (no storage, no AHU); fully ventilated to atmosphere

  • 每24米需设置避难层(孟买更严格:根据DCPR 2034,每7层设一个)
  • 避难面积:最小15平方米,或按服务人数0.3平方米/人计算,取较大值
  • 避难层不得用于其他任何用途(不得储物、不得设置AHU);需完全对外通风

4. Energy Code

4. 节能规范

4.1 ECBC 2017 (Commercial)

4.1 ECBC 2017(商业建筑)

The Energy Conservation Building Code 2017 (BEE, MoP) applies to:
  • Buildings or building complexes with connected load >= 100 kW OR contract demand >= 120 kVA
  • Or built-up area >= 500 sqm
It applies to all new commercial buildings in 21 states that have adopted (as of 2025). Aimed at 25-50% reduction over base case.
Three compliance levels:
LevelEnergy Savings vs BaseMark
ECBC25%ECBC-compliant
ECBC+35%ECBC+
SuperECBC50%SuperECBC
Five Climate Zones (ECBC 2017 + IS 3792:1978):
ZoneHDD (base 21C) + CDH (base 25C)Cities
Hot-DryCDH > 6000 K-h, HDD lowAhmedabad, Jaipur, Nagpur, Jodhpur
Warm-HumidHigh humidity (>= 75%), CDH > 6000Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Goa, Vizag
CompositeMixed extremesDelhi, Lucknow, Kanpur, Allahabad
TemperateModerate temperatures year-roundBangalore, Pune, Hyderabad (margin), Coimbatore
ColdHDD > 3000Shimla, Srinagar, Leh, Gangtok, Darjeeling
ECBC 2017 prescriptive U-value targets (W/m2K):
ElementHot-DryWarm-HumidCompositeTemperateCold
Roof (24-hr use)0.330.330.330.330.33
Wall (24-hr use)0.400.400.400.400.40
Wall (daytime use)0.850.850.850.850.55
Glass U-factor (max)3.03.03.03.03.0
Glass SHGC (max, WWR <= 40%)0.270.270.270.270.62 (heating)
(ECBC+ and SuperECBC tighten these. Cold zone allows higher SHGC for solar heating.)
《2017年节能建筑规范》(BEE,电力部)适用于:
  • 连接负荷≥100千瓦或合同需量≥120千伏安的建筑或建筑群
  • 或建筑面积≥500平方米的建筑
该规范适用于已采纳的21个邦的所有新建商业建筑(截至2025年)。目标是较基准场景降低25-50%的能耗。
三个合规等级:
等级较基准节能率标识
ECBC25%ECBC合规
ECBC+35%ECBC+
SuperECBC50%SuperECBC
五个气候区(ECBC 2017 + IS 3792:1978):
气候区HDD(基准21℃) + CDH(基准25℃)代表城市
炎热干燥区CDH > 6000 K·h,HDD低艾哈迈达巴德、斋浦尔、那格浦尔、焦特布尔
温暖湿润区高湿度(≥75%),CDH > 6000孟买、金奈、加尔各答、果阿、维沙卡帕特南
复合气候区极端气候交替德里、勒克瑙、坎普尔、阿拉哈巴德
温和气候区全年气温适中班加罗尔、浦那、海得拉巴(边缘)、哥印拜陀
寒冷气候区HDD > 3000西姆拉、斯利那加、列城、甘托克、大吉岭
ECBC 2017 规定性U值指标(W/m²·K):
构件炎热干燥区温暖湿润区复合气候区温和气候区寒冷气候区
屋顶(24小时使用)0.330.330.330.330.33
墙体(24小时使用)0.400.400.400.400.40
墙体(白天使用)0.850.850.850.850.55
玻璃U值(最大值)3.03.03.03.03.0
玻璃SHGC(最大值,窗墙比≤40%)0.270.270.270.270.62(采暖季)
(ECBC+和SuperECBC的指标更严格。寒冷气候区为利用太阳能采暖,允许更高的SHGC。)

4.2 ECBC-R 2018 / Eco-Niwas Samhita

4.2 ECBC-R 2018 / Eco-Niwas Samhita

Applies to residential buildings. Two parts:
  • Part 1 (ENS 2018): Building envelope -- defines RETV (Residential Envelope Transmittance Value) target by climate zone
  • Part 2 (ENS 2021): Electro-mechanical systems
RETV targets:
Climate ZoneRETV Limit (W/m2)
Composite15
Hot-Dry15
Warm-Humid15
Temperate15
Cold-- (U-thermal transmittance limit instead: Uroof <= 1.2, Uwall <= 1.8)
适用于居住建筑。分为两部分:
  • 第1部分(ENS 2018):建筑围护结构——按气候区定义RETV(住宅围护结构透射值)指标
  • 第2部分(ENS 2021):机电系统
RETV指标:
气候区RETV限值(W/m²)
复合气候区15
炎热干燥区15
温暖湿润区15
温和气候区15
寒冷气候区——(改为U值传热系数限制:屋顶U值≤1.2,墙体U值≤1.8)

4.3 Green Building Ratings

4.3 绿色建筑评级

SystemOperatorBuilding TypesLevels
GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment)TERI + MNRENew construction, large built-up1-5 star
GRIHA SVA GrihaSameSmall homes (<= 2,500 sqm)--
GRIHA EBSameExisting buildings--
IGBC LEED IndiaCII Indian Green Building CouncilAll typesCertified / Silver / Gold / Platinum
IGBC Green New BuildingsSameIndia-specific frameSame
EDGEIFC (World Bank)Affordable / SMECertified / Advanced / Zero Carbon
LEED v4.1USGBC (international)AllCertified / Silver / Gold / Platinum
GRIHA is mandatory for all CPWD (Central Public Works Department) projects since 2014. Many State PWDs follow.

体系运营机构适用建筑类型等级
GRIHA(综合人居环境绿色评级)TERI + MNRE新建建筑、大体量建筑1-5星
GRIHA SVA Griha同上小型住宅(≤2500平方米)——
GRIHA EB同上既有建筑——
IGBC LEED IndiaCII印度绿色建筑委员会所有类型认证级 / 银级 / 金级 / 铂金级
IGBC 绿色新建建筑同上印度本土框架同上
EDGEIFC(世界银行)保障房 / 中小企业建筑认证级 / 高级 / 零碳
LEED v4.1USGBC(国际)所有类型认证级 / 银级 / 金级 / 铂金级
自2014年起,GRIHA对所有CPWD(中央公共工程部门)项目强制要求。许多邦级PWD也参照执行。

5. Accessibility

5. 无障碍设计

5.1 Statutory Framework

5.1 法规框架

  • Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act 2016 (RPwD Act) -- supersedes 1995 PwD Act. Schedule defines 21 disability categories. Section 44-46 mandate accessibility in built environment.
  • Accessibility Code of India -- not a single document; combines RPwD Act + Harmonised Guidelines + NBC 2016 Part 3 (3.10).
  • Harmonised Guidelines and Space Standards for Universal Accessibility 2021 (MoHUA, replaces 2016 Harmonised Guidelines) -- detailed dimensional standards; refer to this as the primary technical reference.
  • CPWD Manual for Barrier-Free Built Environment 2014 (updated) -- for central government buildings.
  • 《2016年残疾人权利法案》(RPwD法案)——取代1995年PwD法案。附表定义了21类残疾。第44-46条强制要求建成环境无障碍。
  • 《印度无障碍规范》——并非单一文件;由RPwD法案 + 统一指南 + NBC 2016第3部分(3.10节)共同组成。
  • 《2021年通用无障碍统一指南与空间标准》(MoHUA,取代2016版统一指南)——包含详细的尺寸标准;作为主要技术参考依据。
  • 《2014年CPWD无障碍建成环境手册》(已更新)——适用于中央政府建筑。

5.2 Key Dimensional Requirements (Harmonised Guidelines 2021)

5.2 关键尺寸要求(2021年统一指南)

ElementRequired Dimension
Accessible route width1.2 m clear (1.5 m preferred); passing space at 60 m intervals
Door clear width900 mm minimum (entrance); 850 mm internal
Ramp gradientMax 1:12 for 760 mm rise; 1:15 preferred; 1:20 for tactile contrast required
Ramp landing1.5 x 1.5 m at top/bottom; intermediate at every 9.0 m horizontal
Lift cabinMinimum 1100 mm wide x 1300 mm deep (one wheelchair + attendant); for hospitals 1100 x 2100 mm (stretcher access)
Lift door900 mm clear
Accessible WC1.5 m x 2.2 m minimum; 1.5 m turning circle; grab rails at 850 mm AFL
Accessible parking3.6 m x 4.8 m + 1.2 m access aisle
SignageTactile + Braille; high contrast (>= 70% LRV difference); height 1.2-1.6 m for reading
Tactile flooringAt all level changes, doorways, ramps, stair edges, lift entries
Counter height800 mm max for accessible service counters
构件要求尺寸
无障碍通道宽度净宽1.2米(优先1.5米);每60米设置一处错车空间
门净宽最小900毫米(入口);内部850毫米
坡道坡度上升高度760毫米时最大坡度1:12;优先1:15;坡度1:20时需设置触感对比标识
坡道平台顶部/底部设1.5×1.5米平台;每水平9米设一处中间平台
电梯轿厢最小宽1100毫米×深1300毫米(容纳1辆轮椅 + 陪护人员);医院用电梯为1100×2100毫米(可容纳担架)
电梯门净宽900毫米
无障碍卫生间最小1.5米×2.2米;1.5米回转半径;扶手高度850毫米(AFL)
无障碍停车位3.6米×4.8米 + 1.2米通道
标识系统触感 + 盲文;高对比度(LRV差≥70%);阅读高度1.2-1.6米
触感地面设置于所有标高变化处、出入口、坡道、楼梯边缘、电梯入口
柜台高度无障碍服务柜台最高800毫米

5.3 Provision Counts (RPwD + Harmonised Guidelines)

5.3 配置数量要求(RPwD + 统一指南)

  • Lifts: All buildings G+1 and above accessible to public; G+2 for residential; G+0 for single-storey assemblies. (RPwD interpretation has tightened this.)
  • Accessible WC: 1 per floor minimum; in public buildings 1 per gender per public WC bank + 1 universal
  • Accessible parking: 2% of total OR minimum 2 spaces, whichever greater
  • Accessible seats in assembly: 2% with companion seat, distributed (not clustered)

  • 电梯:所有G+1及以上的公共建筑必须设置;居住建筑为G+2及以上;单层集会建筑为G+0。(RPwD的司法解释已收紧该要求。)
  • 无障碍卫生间:每层至少1个;公共建筑中,每个公共卫生间组每性别设1个 + 1个通用无障碍卫生间
  • 无障碍停车位:占总车位的2%,或最少2个,取较大值
  • 集会场所无障碍座位:占2%,配陪同座位,分散布置(不得集中)

6. Structural Design (IS Codes)

6. 结构设计(IS标准)

6.1 Loads

6.1 荷载

TypeReference Standard
Dead loadsIS 875 (Part 1):1987
Imposed loadsIS 875 (Part 2):1987
Wind loadsIS 875 (Part 3):2015 -- 6 wind zones (33-55 m/s basic wind speed)
Snow loadsIS 875 (Part 4):1987 -- limited applicability
Special loads (impact, vibration etc.)IS 875 (Part 5):1987
SeismicIS 1893 (Part 1):2016
Load combinationsIS 875 Pt 5 + IS 1893; aligned to limit state
类型参考标准
恒荷载IS 875(第1部分):1987
活荷载IS 875(第2部分):1987
风荷载IS 875(第3部分):2015——6个风区(基本风速33-55米/秒)
雪荷载IS 875(第4部分):1987——适用范围有限
特殊荷载(冲击、振动等)IS 875(第5部分):1987
地震作用IS 1893(第1部分):2016
荷载组合IS 875 第5部分 + IS 1893;与极限状态法一致

6.2 Seismic Zoning (IS 1893:2016)

6.2 抗震分区(IS 1893:2016)

ZoneZone Factor ZIntensity (MMVI/MSK)Cities
II0.10VIBangalore, Hyderabad, Chennai (margin), Pune, Mumbai, Trivandrum
III0.16VIIMumbai (Greater), Kolkata, Lucknow, Bhubaneswar, Ahmedabad, Surat, Jaipur
IV0.24VIIIDelhi, Jammu, Patna, Dehradun, Faridabad, Chandigarh
V0.36IX or moreSrinagar, Guwahati, Shillong, Aizawl, Imphal, Port Blair, Kutch (Bhuj), Sikkim
Ductile detailing (IS 13920:2016) mandatory for all buildings in Zone III, IV, V and important structures in II.
分区分区系数Z烈度(MMVI/MSK)代表城市
II区0.10VI度班加罗尔、海得拉巴、金奈(边缘)、浦那、孟买、特里凡得琅
III区0.16VII度大孟买、加尔各答、勒克瑙、布巴内斯瓦尔、艾哈迈达巴德、苏拉特、斋浦尔
IV区0.24VIII度德里、查谟、巴特那、德拉敦、法里达巴德、昌迪加尔
V区0.36IX度及以上斯利那加、古瓦哈提、西隆、艾藻尔、英帕尔、布莱尔港、卡奇(布杰)、锡金
延性细部设计(IS 13920:2016)对III、IV、V区的所有建筑以及II区的重要结构强制要求。

6.3 Wind Zoning (IS 875 Part 3:2015)

6.3 抗风分区(IS 875 第3部分:2015)

Wind ZoneBasic Wind Speed Vb (m/s, 50-year return)Cities
Zone 133Trivandrum, Bangalore, Hyderabad
Zone 239Pune, Mumbai (inland), Chennai (margin)
Zone 344Mumbai (coastal), Kolkata, Delhi (margin)
Zone 447Bhubaneswar, Visakhapatnam
Zone 550Most coastal Tamil Nadu, Andhra coast
Zone 655Cyclone-prone Odisha, AP coast, Bay of Bengal islands
风区基本风速Vb(米/秒,50年重现期)代表城市
1区33特里凡得琅、班加罗尔、海得拉巴
2区39浦那、孟买(内陆)、金奈(边缘)
3区44孟买(沿海)、加尔各答、德里(边缘)
4区47布巴内斯瓦尔、维沙卡帕特南
5区50泰米尔纳德邦大部分沿海地区、安得拉邦沿海
6区55奥里萨邦易受飓风影响区域、安得拉邦沿海、孟加拉湾岛屿

6.4 Material Codes

6.4 材料标准

MaterialCode
Plain & Reinforced ConcreteIS 456:2000 (under revision; draft IS 456:2024)
Working stress concrete (where used)IS 456 Annex N
High-performance concreteIS 456 + IS 1199 + special provisions
Pre-stressed concreteIS 1343:2012
Steel generalIS 800:2007 (limit state)
Cold-formed steelIS 801:1975 + IS 811:1987
CompositeIS 11384:1985
TimberIS 883:2016 + IS 4983
MasonryIS 1905:1987
FoundationsIS 1904:1986 (general), IS 6403 (allowable bearing), IS 2950 (raft), IS 2911 (piles, 4 parts)
AluminiumIS 8147
GlassIS 16231 (4 parts)
Curtain WallIS 17277:2019

材料标准编号
素混凝土与钢筋混凝土IS 456:2000(正在修订;IS 456:2024草案)
容许应力法混凝土(如使用)IS 456 附录N
高性能混凝土IS 456 + IS 1199 + 专项规定
预应力混凝土IS 1343:2012
通用钢材IS 800:2007(极限状态法)
冷弯型钢IS 801:1975 + IS 811:1987
组合结构IS 11384:1985
木材IS 883:2016 + IS 4983
砌体IS 1905:1987
地基基础IS 1904:1986(通用)、IS 6403(容许承载力)、IS 2950(筏基)、IS 2911(桩基,共4部分)
铝合金IS 8147
玻璃IS 16231(共4部分)
幕墙IS 17277:2019

7. Planning, Zoning & Urban Design Layer

7. 规划、分区与城市设计层面

7.1 RERA (Real Estate Regulatory Authority)

7.1 RERA(房地产监管局)

  • RERA Act 2016 -- mandatory registration for any residential/commercial project on plot > 500 sqm OR > 8 apartments
  • State RERA authorities (e.g., MahaRERA Maharashtra, KRERA Karnataka, TNRERA Tamil Nadu) enforce
  • Carpet Area definition standardized: enclosed walkable area within apartment + internal partition walls, excluding balcony, terrace, utility area, external walls (RERA Sec. 2(k))
  • Promoter cannot use undefined area terms ("super built-up", "saleable area") in marketing without disclosure
  • 70% of buyer payments held in escrow until completion
  • 《2016年RERA法案》——所有占地面积>500平方米或公寓数量>8套的住宅/商业项目必须注册
  • 各邦RERA主管部门(如马哈拉施特拉邦MahaRERA、卡纳塔克邦KRERA、泰米尔纳德邦TNRERA)负责执行
  • 地毯面积定义标准化:公寓内封闭的可步行面积 + 内部隔墙,不含阳台、露台、设备区、外墙(RERA第2(k)条)
  • 开发商不得在营销中使用未定义的面积术语(“超级建筑面积”、“可售面积”),除非进行披露
  • 购房者付款的70%需存入托管账户,直至项目完工

7.2 Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ 2019)

7.2 沿海监管区(CRZ 2019)

For projects within 500 m of high tide line:
  • CRZ-I (ecologically sensitive) -- no construction
  • CRZ-II (developed urban) -- existing development controls + FSI limited
  • CRZ-III (rural) -- limited; 200 m no-development zone
  • CRZ-IV (water bodies) -- restricted activities
对于位于高潮线500米范围内的项目:
  • CRZ-I区(生态敏感区)——禁止建设
  • CRZ-II区(已开发城区)——执行现有开发控制 + FSI限制
  • CRZ-III区(农村区)——有限开发;200米禁建区
  • CRZ-IV区(水体区)——活动受限

7.3 Environmental Clearance (EIA 2006 + amendments)

7.3 环境许可(EIA 2006 + 修正案)

ThresholdCategoryAuthority
Built-up >= 20,000 sqm AND <1,50,000 sqmB2State EIA Authority (SEIAA)
Built-up >= 1,50,000 sqmAMoEFCC (Central) via EAC
Township projects >= 50 hectare OR >= 1,50,000 sqm built-upAMoEFCC
Required: Form 1, Form 1A, Conceptual Plan, baseline studies, EIA report (Category A only with public hearing), EMP, EC validity 7 years.
阈值类别审批机构
建筑面积≥20,000平方米且<150,000平方米B2邦EIA主管部门(SEIAA)
建筑面积≥150,000平方米AMoEFCC(中央)通过EAC审批
≥50公顷或建筑面积≥150,000平方米的镇区项目AMoEFCC
所需材料:表格1、表格1A、概念规划、基线研究、EIA报告(仅A类需公众听证)、EMP(环境管理计划),EC有效期7年。

7.4 Aviation NOC (DGCA NOCAS 2.0)

7.4 航空NOC(DGCA NOCAS 2.0)

Online portal (nocas2.aai.aero). Required if building exceeds height limits computed from distance to nearest aerodrome:
  • Type 1 airport (international, >2,500 m runway): NOC required within 20 km
  • Type 2 airport (domestic): within 8.5 km
  • Helipad: within 4 km
Height limits use a conical surface (slope varies by airport).

在线门户(nocas2.aai.aero)。若建筑高度超过根据到最近机场的距离计算的高度限制,则需申请:
  • 1类机场(国际机场,跑道>2500米):20公里范围内需NOC
  • 2类机场(国内机场):8.5公里范围内需NOC
  • 直升机停机坪:4公里范围内需NOC
高度限制采用锥形面(坡度因机场而异)。

8. Quick Numeric Reference

8. 快速数值参考

ParameterValueSource
Floor-to-floor height residential (standard)3.0 mNBC Part 4 4.7.3.1 (min 2.75 m clear)
Floor-to-floor height office3.6 mECBC + NBC; min 2.75 m clear
Minimum room size (habitable, residential)9.5 sqm (single occupancy); 13.93 sqm (family room)NBC Part 3 4.2
Minimum kitchen size5.5 sqmNBC Part 3 4.2.5
Minimum bathroom1.8 sqm with min dim 1.2 mNBC Part 3 4.2.5
Minimum balcony depth0.9 m (varies by state DCR)Local DCR
Corridor width residential1.0 m (1.2 m for high-rise)NBC Part 4 4.4.3
Corridor width hospital2.4 mNBC Part 4 + FGI-derived
Corridor width office1.5 mNBC Part 4
Stair width residential (high-rise)1.5 mNBC Part 4 4.4.3 + 4.5
Stair width hospital2.0 mNBC Part 4
Tread/riser comfort250 mm tread; 175 mm riser (residential); 300/150 institutionalNBC Part 4 4.4.3
Lift capacity (residential, basic)6-person (408 kg)NBC Part 8 Sec 6
Lift capacity (high-rise residential)13-person (884 kg) + fire lift 545 kgSame
Parking ECS (Equivalent Car Space)25 sqm (covered including drive); 23 sqm uncovered + 5 sqm circulationState DCR (varies)
Two-wheeler parking1.5 sqm perNBC + local DCR
Bicycle parking (TOD)Per local DCR; Mumbai DCPR mandates 1 per 100 sqm GFA

参数数值依据来源
住宅标准层高3.0米NBC第4部分 4.7.3.1条(最小净高2.75米)
办公层高3.6米ECBC + NBC;最小净高2.75米
住宅最小居室面积(可居住)9.5平方米(单人);13.93平方米(家庭室)NBC第3部分 4.2条
最小厨房面积5.5平方米NBC第3部分 4.2.5条
最小卫生间面积1.8平方米,最小边长1.2米NBC第3部分 4.2.5条
最小阳台进深0.9米(因邦DCR而异)当地DCR
住宅走廊宽度1.0米(高层1.2米)NBC第4部分 4.4.3条
医院走廊宽度2.4米NBC第4部分 + FGI衍生标准
办公走廊宽度1.5米NBC第4部分
住宅(高层)楼梯宽度1.5米NBC第4部分 4.4.3 + 4.5条
医院楼梯宽度2.0米NBC第4部分
舒适踏步/踢面尺寸踏步250毫米;踢面175毫米(住宅);机构类300/150毫米NBC第4部分 4.4.3条
住宅基础电梯载重6人(408千克)NBC第8部分 第6节
高层住宅电梯载重13人(884千克) + 消防电梯545千克同上
停车ECS(等效车位)25平方米(含车道的室内车位);23平方米露天车位 + 5平方米通道邦DCR(因地而异)
两轮车停车位每个1.5平方米NBC + 当地DCR
自行车停车位(TOD区域)按当地DCR;孟买DCPR要求每100平方米GFA配1个按当地DCR

9. Application Workflow

9. 应用工作流程

When advising on a project in India:
  1. Identify state + city + Municipal Corporation/Development Authority.
  2. Check the in-force Building Bye-Laws version. Indian DCRs change frequently (Mumbai DCPR 2034 replaced DCPR 1991; UDCPR 2020 unified Maharashtra; Kerala KMBR 2019 replaced 1999; etc.)
  3. Check ECBC adoption status in the state + applicability threshold to the project.
  4. Confirm RERA registration requirement (Sec. 3 thresholds).
  5. Confirm EIA category based on built-up area (Sec. 7.3 above).
  6. Confirm Fire NOC requirement + obtain pre-design Provisional NOC.
  7. Confirm Aviation NOC if relevant (DGCA NOCAS 2.0).
  8. Confirm CRZ category if coastal site.
  9. Apply NBC 2016 for life safety, then DCR for FAR/setback/parking, then ECBC for energy.
  10. Cite specific clauses: "NBC 2016 Part 4 Clause 4.4.3", "ECBC 2017 Section 4.3.1.1", "IS 1893:2016 Clause 6.4.2", "Mumbai DCPR 2034 Regulation 33(10)", "MoHUA Harmonised Guidelines 2021 Section 2.5".

在为印度项目提供建议时:
  1. 确认所属邦 + 城市 + 市政公司/开发局
  2. 核查现行《建筑细则》版本。印度DCR更新频繁(孟买DCPR 2034取代了DCPR 1991;UDCPR 2020统一了马哈拉施特拉邦规范;喀拉拉邦KMBR 2019取代了1999版;等等)
  3. 核查该邦ECBC采纳状态 + 项目的适用阈值。
  4. 确认RERA注册要求(第3条阈值)。
  5. 根据建筑面积确认EIA类别(见上文7.3节)。
  6. 确认消防NOC要求 + 获取设计前临时NOC。
  7. 确认是否需要航空NOC(如适用,通过DGCA NOCAS 2.0)。
  8. 确认CRZ类别(如为沿海场地)。
  9. 适用NBC 2016 处理生命安全要求,然后适用DCR处理FAR/退界/停车要求,再适用ECBC处理节能要求。
  10. 引用具体条款:例如“NBC 2016 第4部分 4.4.3条”、“ECBC 2017 第4.3.1.1节”、“IS 1893:2016 第6.4.2条”、“孟买DCPR 2034 第33(10)条”、“MoHUA 2021年统一指南 第2.5节”。

10. State-Specific Critical Notes

10. 各邦特定关键说明

Maharashtra / Mumbai (MCGM DCPR 2034)

马哈拉施特拉邦 / 孟买(MCGM DCPR 2034)

  • Premium FSI purchasable; TDR (Transfer of Development Rights) tradable
  • Regulation 33(10) slum redevelopment, 33(7) cessed buildings, 33(9) cluster redevelopment, 33(11) gaothan
  • Coastal projects subject to MCZMA + CRZ
  • High-rise (>= 70 m) requires High-Rise Committee approval before MCGM permit
  • Sanction in stages: IOD (Intimation of Disapproval -- ironic name, it's pre-conditions) -> CC (Commencement Certificate) -> OC (Occupation Certificate)
  • 可购买溢价FSITDR(开发权转移)可交易
  • 第33(10)条 贫民窟改造,33(7)条 征税建筑,33(9)条 集群改造,33(11)条 gaothan
  • 沿海项目需经MCZMA + CRZ审批
  • 高层建筑(≥70米)需经高层建筑委员会批准,方可获得MCGM许可
  • 分阶段审批:IOD(不批准通知——名字有讽刺意味,实际是前置条件)→ CC(开工证明)→ OC(入住证明)

Delhi NCR

德里国家首都辖区

  • Unified Building Bye-Laws 2016 (UBBL) applies to most agencies (MCD, NDMC, DDA)
  • MPD 2041 governs land use + density
  • HCBE (Heritage Conservation Committee) + DUAC (Delhi Urban Arts Commission) review heritage zones and Lutyens' Bungalow Zone
  • Gurugram has its own Haryana Building Code 2017 + GMDA
  • NOIDA / Greater NOIDA each have separate authority + bye-laws
  • 《2016年统一建筑细则》(UBBL)适用于多数机构(MCD、NDMC、DDA)
  • MPD 2041 管辖土地利用 + 密度
  • HCBE(遗产保护委员会) + DUAC(德里城市艺术委员会) 审核遗产区域和卢琴斯平房区
  • 古尔冈有自己的**《哈里亚纳邦建筑规范》2017版** + GMDA
  • 诺伊达 / 大诺伊达各有独立的主管机构 + 细则

Karnataka / Bangalore

卡纳塔克邦 / 班加罗尔

  • BBMP Bye-Laws 2003 + BDA Master Plan RMP 2031 governs Bangalore
  • Tier-2 city codes (Mysuru, Mangaluru) follow KMBBL with local amendments
  • KSPCB Consent for any project > 1500 sqm
  • BBMP 2003年细则 + BDA总体规划 RMP 2031 管辖班加罗尔
  • 二线城市规范(迈索尔、门格洛尔)遵循KMBBL,附当地修正案
  • 任何>1500平方米的项目需获得KSPCB同意

Tamil Nadu / Chennai

泰米尔纳德邦 / 金奈

  • TNCDBR 2019 (Tamil Nadu Combined Development and Building Rules 2019) updated and replaced 2008 + 2010 versions
  • Multi-storey: > 4 floors or > 15 m
  • CMDA for Chennai metropolitan; DTCP for rest of state
  • TNCDBR 2019(《泰米尔纳德邦联合开发与建筑规则》2019版)更新并取代了2008和2010版
  • 多层建筑:>4层或>15米
  • 金奈都会区由CMDA管辖;邦内其他地区由DTCP管辖

Karnataka / Bangalore vs Telangana / Hyderabad

卡纳塔克邦 / 班加罗尔 与 特伦甘纳邦 / 海得拉巴 对比

  • Hyderabad has effectively unlimited FAR in many zones subject to setback + insurance premium (GO 168 + amendments)
  • TS-bPASS -- Telangana's online single-window planning approval (instant for small plots, 21-day for large)

  • 海得拉巴许多区域实际上FAR无上限,仅需满足退界 + 保险费要求(GO 168 + 修正案)
  • TS-bPASS——特伦甘纳邦在线单一窗口规划审批系统(小地块即时审批,大地块21天内审批)

11. Authoritative Sources

11. 权威来源

  • Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) -- bis.gov.in -- NBC 2016 (SP 7), IS codes
  • Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) -- beeindia.gov.in -- ECBC 2017, ECBC-R 2018 (Eco-Niwas Samhita)
  • Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) -- mohua.gov.in -- Harmonised Guidelines 2021
  • MoEFCC -- moef.gov.in -- EIA Notifications, CRZ Notifications
  • State Town Planning Departments -- portal varies by state
  • State Municipal Corporations -- e.g., portal.mcgm.gov.in (Mumbai), mcdonline.nic.in (Delhi), bbmpgov.in (Bangalore), tnchennai.gov.in (Chennai), ghmc.gov.in (Hyderabad)
  • State Development Authorities -- mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in (MMRDA), dda.gov.in (DDA), bda.karnataka.gov.in (BDA)
  • RERA portals -- maharera.maharashtra.gov.in, rera.karnataka.gov.in, tnrera.in
  • GRIHA Council -- grihaindia.org
  • IGBC (CII) -- igbc.in

Cross-references within this plugin: load
building-codes
for IBC comparison;
fire-life-safety
for general egress principles;
building-sustainability
for LEED/Passive House comparison;
structural-systems
for material-system selection within IS framework;
building-envelope
for envelope detailing in Indian climate zones.
  • 印度标准局(BIS) -- bis.gov.in -- NBC 2016(SP 7)、IS标准
  • 能源效率局(BEE) -- beeindia.gov.in -- ECBC 2017、ECBC-R 2018(Eco-Niwas Samhita)
  • 住房和城市事务部(MoHUA) -- mohua.gov.in -- 2021年统一指南
  • 环境、森林和气候变化部(MoEFCC) -- moef.gov.in -- EIA通知、CRZ通知
  • 邦城镇规划部门 -- 门户因邦而异
  • 邦市政公司 -- 例如:portal.mcgm.gov.in(孟买)、mcdonline.nic.in(德里)、bbmpgov.in(班加罗尔)、tnchennai.gov.in(金奈)、ghmc.gov.in(海得拉巴)
  • 邦开发局 -- mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in(MMRDA)、dda.gov.in(DDA)、bda.karnataka.gov.in(BDA)
  • RERA门户 -- maharera.maharashtra.gov.in、rera.karnataka.gov.in、tnrera.in
  • GRIHA委员会 -- grihaindia.org
  • IGBC(CII) -- igbc.in

本插件内的交叉参考:加载
building-codes
可查看IBC对比;加载
fire-life-safety
可了解通用疏散原则;加载
building-sustainability
可查看LEED/被动式房屋对比;加载
structural-systems
可了解IS框架内的材料体系选择;加载
building-envelope
可查看印度气候区的围护结构细部设计。